Haahashtari(the
courier), a man or a family immediately descended from Ashur. "father
of Tekoa," by his second wife Naarah. (1 Chronicles 4:6) (B.C. after
1450.)
Habaiah,
Or Habajah(whom
Jehovah hides). Bene-Habaiah were among the sons of the priests who
returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:61; Nehemiah 7:63) (B.C.
before 459).
Habakkuk
Or Habakkuk(embrace),
the eighth in order of the minor prophets. Of the facts of the
prophet's life we have no certain information. He probably lived about
the twelfth or thirteenth year of Josiah, B.C. 630 or 629.
Habakkuk,
Prophecy Ofconsists
of three chapters, in the first of which he foreshadows the invasion of
Judea by the Chaldeans, and in the second he foretells the doom of the
Chaldeans. The whole concludes with the magnificent psalm in ch. 3, a
composition unrivalled for boldness of conception, sublimity of thought
and majesty of diction.
Habaziniah(light
of Jehovah), apparently the head of one of the families of the
Rechabites. (Jeremiah 35:3) (B.C. before 589.)
Habergeona
coat of mail covering the neck and breast. [[579]Arms, Armor]
Habor(beautiful
banks), the "river of Gozan," (2 Kings 17:6) and 2Kin 18:11 Is
identified beyond all reasonable doubt with the famous affluent of the
Euphrates, which is called Aborrhas and Chaboras by ancient writers,
and now Khabour.
Hachaliah(whom
Jehovah enlightens), the father of Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 1:1; 10:1)
Hachilah,
The Hilla
hill apparently situated in a wood in the wilderness or waste land in
the neighborhood of Ziph, in Judah, in the fastnesses or passes of
which David and his six hundred followers were lurking when the
Ziphites informed Saul of his whereabouts. (1 Samuel 23:19) comp. 1Sam
23:14,15,18
Hachmoni(wise)
Son of, and The Hach'monite. (1 Chronicles 11:11; 27:32) Hachmon or
Hachmoni was no doubt the founder of a family to which these men
belonged: the actual father of Jashobeam was Zabdiel, (1 Chronicles
27:2) and he is also said to have belonged to the Korhites. (1
Chronicles 12:6) (B.C. before 1046.)
Hadad(mighty),
originally the indigenous appellation of the sun among the Syrians, and
thence transferred to the king as the highest of earthly authorities.
The title appears to have been an official one, like Pharaoh. It is
found occasionally in the altered form Hadar. (Genesis 25:15; 36:39)
compared with 1Chr 1:30,50
+Son of Ishmael. (Genesis 25:15; 1 Chronicles 1:30)
+A king of Edom who gained an important victory over the Midianites on
the field of Moab. (Genesis 36:35; 1 Chronicles 1:46)
+Also a king of Edom, with Pau for his capital. (1 Chronicles 1:50)
+A member of the royal house Or Edom. (1 Kings 11:14) ff. In his
childhood he escaped the massacre under Joab, and fled with a band of
followers into Egypt. Pharaoh, the predecessor of Solomon's
father-in-law, treated him kindly, and gave him his sister-in-law in
marriage. After David's death Hadad resolved to attempt the recovery of
his dominion. He left Egypt and returned to his own country.
Hadadezer(2
Samuel 8:3-12; 1 Kings 11:23). [[580]Hadarezer]
Hadadrimmonis,
according to the ordinary interpretation of (12:11) a place in the
valley of Megiddo (a part of the plain of Esdraelon, six miles from
Mount Carmel and eleven from Nazareth), where a national lamentation
was held for the death of King Josiah. It was named after two Syrian
idols.
Hadar[[581]Hadad]
Hadarezer(Hadad's
help), son of Rehob, (2 Samuel 8:3) the king of the Aramite state of
Zobah, who was pursued by David and defeated with great loss. (1
Chronicles 18:3,4) (B.C. 1035.) After the first repulse of the
Ammonites and their Syrian allies by Joab, Hadarezer sent his army to
the assistance of his kindred the people of Maachah, Rehob and Ishtob.
(1 Chronicles 19:16; 2 Samuel 10:15) comp. 2Sam 10:8 Under the command
of Shophach or Shobach, the captain of the host, they crossed the
Euphrates, joined the other Syrians, and encamped at a place called
Helam. David himself came from Jerusalem to take the command of the
Israelite army. As on the former occasion, the route was complete.
Hadashah(new),
one of the towns of Judah, in the maritime low country, (Joshua 16:37)
only, probably the [582]Adasa of the Maccabean history.
Hadassah(myrtle),
probably the earlier name of Esther. (Esther 2:7)
Hadattah(new).
According to the Authorized Version, one of the towns of Judah in the
extreme south. (Joshua 15:25)
Hadesin
Revised Version. [See [583]Hell]
Hadid(sharp),
a place named, with Lod (Lydda) and Ono, only in the later books of the
history. (Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:34) In the time of Eusebius a
town called Aditha or Adatha existed to the east of Diospolis (Lydda).
This was probably Hadid.
Hadlai(rest
of God), a man of Ephraim. (2 Chronicles 28:12)
Hadoram(noble
honor).
+The fifth son of Joktan. (Genesis 10:27; 1 Chronicles 1:21) His
settlements, unlike those of many of Joktan's sons, have not been
identified.
+Son of Tou or Toi king of Hamath; his father's ambassador to
congratulate David on his victory over Hadarezer king of Zobah. (1
Chronicles 18:10) (B.C. 1035.)
+The form assumed in Chronicles by the name of the intendant of taxes
under David, Solomon and Rehoboam. (2 Chronicles 10:18) In Kings the
name is given in the longer form of [584]Adoniram, but in Samuel, (2
Samuel 20:24) as [585]Adoram.
Hadrach(dwelling),
a country of Syria, mentioned once only, by the prophet Zechariah.
(Zechariah 9:1) The addition of the district, with its borders, is here
generally stated; but the name itself seems to have wholly disappeared.
It still remains unknown.
Haga
Bahunder
which it is found in the parallel list of (Ezra 2:45)
Hagab(locust).
Bene-Hagab were among the Nethinim who returned from Babylon with
Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:46) (B.C. before 536.)
Hagaba(locust).
Bene Hagaba were among the Nethinim who came back from captivity with
Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:48) The name is slightly different in form from
Hagar(flight),
an Egyptian woman, the handmaid or slave of Sarah, (Genesis 16:1) whom
the latter gave as a concubine to Abraham, after he had dwelt ten years
in the land of Canaan and had no children by Sarah. ch (Genesis 16:2,3)
(B.C. 1912.) When Hagar saw that she had conceived, "her mistress was
despised in her eyes," v. 4, and Sarah, with the anger, we may suppose,
of a free woman rather than of a wife, reproached Abraham for the
results of her own act. Hagar fled, turning her steps toward her native
land through the great wilderness traversed by the Egyptian road. By
the fountain in the way to Shur the angel of the Lord found her,
charged her to return and submit herself under the hands of her
mistress, and delivered the remarkable prophecy respecting her unborn
child recorded in vs. 10-12. On her return she gave birth to Ishmael,
and Abraham was then eighty-six years old. When Ishmael was about
sixteen years old, he was caught by Sarah making sport of her young son
Isaac at the festival of his weaning, and Sarah demanded the expulsion
of Hagar and her son. She again fled toward Egypt, and when in despair
at the want of water, an angel again appeared to her, pointed out a
fountain close by, and renewed the former promises to her. (Genesis
21:9-21) St. Paul, (Galatians 4:25) refers to her as the type of the
old covenant of the law.
Hagarenes,
Hagarites(named
after Hagar), a people dwelling to the east of Palestine, with whom the
tribes of Reuben made war in the time of Saul. (1 Chronicles
5:10,18-20) The same people, as confederate against Israel, are
mentioned in (Psalms 83:6) It is generally believed that they were
named after Hagar, and that the important town and district of Hejer,
on the borders of the Persian Gulf, represent them.
Hagerite,
TheJaziz
the Hagerite, i.e. the descendant of Hagar, had the charge of David's
sheep. (1 Chronicles 27:31)
Haggai(festive),
the tenth in order of the minor prophets, and first of those who
prophesied after the captivity. With regard to his tribe and parentage
history and tradition are alike silent.
Haggai,
Prophecy OfThe
style of Haggai is generally tame and prosaic, though at times it rises
to the dignity of severe invective when the prophet rebukes his
countrymen for their selfish indolence and neglect of God's house. But
the brevity of the prophecies is so great, and the poverty of
expression which characterizes them so striking, as to give rise to a
conjecture, not without reason, that in their present form they are but
the outline or summary of the original discourses. They were delivered
in the second year of Darius Hystaspes (B.C. 620), at intervals from
the 1st day of the 6th month to the 24th day of the 9th month in the
same year.
Haggeri(wanderer)
was one of the mighty men of David's guard, according to (1 Chronicles
11:38) The parallel passage-- (2 Samuel 23:36)--has "Bani the Gadite,"
which is probably the correct reading. (B.C. 1046.)
Haggi(festive),
second son of Gad. (Genesis 46:16; Numbers 26:15)
Haggiah(festival
of Jehovah), a Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:30)
Haggites,
Thea
Gadite family sprung from Haggi. (Numbers 26:15)
Haggith(festive;
a dancer), one of David's wives, the mother of Adonijah. (2 Samuel 3:4;
1 Kings 1:6) (B.C. 1053.)
HaiSame
as [586]Ai.
HairThe
Hebrews were fully alive to the importance of the hair as an element of
personal beauty. Long hair was admired in the case of young men. (2
Samuel 14:26) In times of affliction the hair was altogether cut off.
(Isaiah 3:17,24; 15:2; Jeremiah 7:29) Tearing the hair (Ezra 9:3) and
letting it go dishevelled were similar tokens of grief. The usual and
favorite color of the hair was black, (Song of Solomon 5:11) as is
indicated in the comparisons in (Song of Solomon 1:5; 4:1) a similar
hue is probably intended by the purple of (Song of Solomon 7:6) Pure
white hair was deemed characteristic of the divine Majesty. (Daniel
7:9; Revelation 1:14) The chief beauty of the hair consisted in curls,
whether of a natural or an artificial character. With regard to the
mode of dressing the hair, we have no very precise information; the
terms used are of a general character, as of Jezebel, (2 Kings 9:30)
and of Judith, ch. 10:3, and in the New Testament, (1 Timothy 2:9; 1
Peter 3:3) The arrangement of Samson's hair into seven locks, or more
properly braids, (Judges 16:13,19) involves the practice of plaiting,
which was also familiar to the Egyptians and Greeks. The locks were
probably kept in their place by a fillet, as in Egypt. The Hebrews like
other nations of antiquity, anointed the hair profusely with ointments,
which were generally compounded of various aromatic ingredients, (Ruth
3:3; 2 Samuel 14:2; Psalms 23:6; 92:10; Ecclesiastes 9:8) more
especially on occasions of festivity or hospitality. (Luke 7:46) It
appears to have been the custom of the Jews in our Saviour's time to
swear by the hair, (Matthew 5:36) much as the Egyptian women still
swear by the side-locks, and the men by their beards.
Hakkatan(young).
Johanan son,of Hakkatan, was the chief of the Bene-Azgad who returned
from Babylon with Ezra. (Ezra 8:12)
Hakkoz(thorn),
a priest, the chief of the seventh course in the service of the
sanctuary, as appointed by David. (1 Chronicles 24:10) In (Ezra 2:61)
and Nehe 3:4,21 The name occurs again as Koz in the Authorized Version.
Hakupha(bent).
Bene-Hakupha were among the Nethinim who returned from Babylon with
Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:61; Nehemiah 7:63)
Halahis
probably a different place from the Calah of (Genesis 10:11) It may be
identified with the Chalcitis of Ptolemy.
Halak(smooth),
The mount, a mountain twice, and twice only, named, was the southern
limit of Joshua's conquests, (Joshua 11:17; 12:7) but which has not yet
been identified.
Halhul(trembling),
a town of Judah in the mountain district. (Joshua 16:68) The name still
remains unaltered attached to a conspicuous hill a mile to the left of
the road from Jerusalem to Hebron, between three and four miles from
the latter.
Hali(necklace),
a town on the boundary of Asher, named between Helkath and Beten.
(Joshua 19:25)
Hallused
of the court of the high priest's house. (Luke 22:55) In (Matthew
27:27) and Mark 15:16 "Hall" is synonymous with "praetorium," which in
(John 18:28) is in Authorized Version "judgment hall."
Hallelujah(praise
ye the Lord). [[587]Alleluia]
Hallohesh(enchanter),
one of the chief of the people who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah.
(Nehemiah 10:24) (B.C. 410.)
HaloheshShallum,
son of Halohesh was "ruler of the half part of Jerusalem" at the time
of the repair of the wall by Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 3:12) (B.C. 446.)
Haltil(doubtful).
Bene-Hattil were among the children of Solomon's slaves "who came back
from captivity with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:57; Nehemiah 7:59) (B.C. 536.)
Ham(hot;
sunburnt).
+The name of one of the three sons of Noah, apparently the second in
age. (B.C. 2448.) Of the history of Ham nothing is related except his
irreverence to his father and the curse which that patriarch
pronounced. The sons of Ham are stated, to have been "Cush and Mizraim
and Phut and Canaan." (Genesis 10:6) comp. 1Chr 1:8 Egypt is recognized
as the "land of Ham" in the Bible. (Psalms 78:51; 105:23; 106:22) The
other settlements of the sons of Ham are discussed under their
respective names. The three most illustrious Hamite nations--the
Cushites, the Phoenicians and the Egyptians--were greatly mixed with
foreign peoples. Their architecture has a solid grandeur that we look
for in vain elsewhere.
+According to the present text, (Genesis 14:5) Chedorlaomer and his
allies smote the Zuzim in a place called Ham, probably in the territory
of the Ammonites (Gilead), east of the Jordan.
Haman(magnificent),
the chief minister or vizier of King Ahasuerus. (Esther 3:1) (B.C.
473.) After the failure of his attempt to cut off all the Jews in the
Persian empire, he was hanged on the gallows which he had erected for
Mordecai. The Targum and Josephus interpret the inscription of him--the
Agagite--as signifying that he was of Amalekitish descent. The Jews
hiss whenever his name is mentioned on the day of Purim.
Hamath(fortress),
the principal city of upper Syria, was situated in the valley of the
Orontes, which it commanded from the low screen of hills which forms
the water-shed between the source of the Orontes and Antioch. The
Hamathites were a Hamitic race, and are included among the descendants
of Canaan. (Genesis 10:18) Nothing appears of the power of Hamath until
the time of David. (2 Samuel 8:9) Hamath seems clearly to have been
included in the dominions of Solomon. (1 Kings 4:21-24) The
"store-cities" which Solomon "built in Hamath," (2 Chronicles 8:4) were
perhaps staples for trade. In the Assyrian inscriptions of the time of
Ahab (B.C. 900) Hamath appears as a separate power, in alliance with
the Syrians of Damascus, the Hittites and the Phoenicians. About
three-quarters of a century later Jeroboam the Second "recovered
Hamath." (2 Kings 14:28) Soon afterwards the Assyrians took it, (2
Kings 18:34; 19:13) etc., and from this time it ceased to be a place of
much importance. Antiochus Epiphanes changed its name to Epiphaneia.
The natives, however, called it Hamath even in St. Jerome's time, and
its present name, Hamah, is but slightly altered from the ancient form.
Hamathite,
Theone
of the families descended from Canaan, named last in the list. (Genesis
10:18; 1 Chronicles 1:16)
Hamathzobah(fortress
of Zobah), (2 Chronicles 8:3) has been conjectured to be the same as
Hamath. But the name Hamath-Zobah would seem rather suited to another
Hamath which was distinguished from the "Great Hamath" by the suffix
"Zobah."
Hammath(warm
springs), one of the fortified cities in the territory allotted to
Naphtali. (Joshua 19:35) It was near Tiberias, one mile distant, and
had its name Chammath, "hot baths," because it contained those of
Tiberias. In the list of Levitical cities given out of Naphtali,
(Joshua 21:32) the name of this place seems to be given as HAMMOTH-DOR.
Hammedatha(double),
father of the infamous Haman. (Esther 3:1,10; 8:5; 9:24)
Hammelechlit.
"the king, " unnecessarily rendered in the Authorized Version as a
proper name. (Jeremiah 36:26; 38:6)
Hammoleketh(the
queen), a daughter of Machir and sister of Gilead. (1 Chronicles
7:17,18) (B.C. between 1706 and 1491.)
Hammon(warm
springs).
+A city in Asher, (Joshua 19:28) apparently not far from Zidon-rabbah.
+A city allotted out of the tribe of Naphtali to the Levites, (1
Chronicles 6:76) and answering to the somewhat similar names
[588]Hammath and HAMMOTH-DOR in Joshua.
Hammothdor(dwelling
of the warm springs). [[589]Hammath]
Hamonah(multitude),
the name of a city mentioned in Ezekiel. (Ezekiel 39:16)
Hamongog(the
multitude of God), The valley of, the name to be bestowed on the ravine
or glen, previously known as "the ravine of the passengers on the east
of the sea," after the burial there of "God and all his multitude."
(Ezekiel 39:11,15)
Hamor(an
ass), a Hivite who at the time of the entrance of Jacob on Palestine
was prince of the land and city of Shechem. (Genesis 33:19;
34:2,4,6,8,13,18,20,24,26) (B.C. 1737.) [[590]Dinah]
Hamuel(heat,
i.e. wrath, of God), a man of Simeon, of the family of Shaul. (1
Chronicles 4:26)
Hamul(pitied),
the younger son of Pharez, Judah's son by Tamar. (Genesis 46:12; 1
Chronicles 2:5) (B.C. between 1706-1688.)
Hamulites,
Thethe
family of the preceding. (Numbers 26:21)
Hamutal(akin
to the dew), daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah; one of the wives of King
Josiah. (2 Kings 23:31; 24:18; Jeremiah 52:1) (B.C. 632-619.)
Hanameel(whom
God graciously gave), son of Shallum and cousin of Jeremiah. (Jeremiah
32:7,8,9,12) and comp. Jere 32:44 (B.C. 589.)
Hanan(merciful).
+One of the chief people of the tribe of Benjamin. (1 Chronicles 8:23)
+The last of the six sons of Azel, a descendant of Saul. (1 Chronicles
8:38; 9:44) (B.C. 588.)
+"Son of Maachah," i.e. possibly a Syrian of Aram-maachah, one of the
heroes of David's guard. (1 Chronicles 11:43) (B.C. 1046).
+The sons of Hanan were among the Nethinim who returned from Babylon
with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:46; Nehemiah 7:49) (B.C. 536).
+One of the Levites who assisted Ezra in his public exposition of the
law. (Nehemiah 8:7) (B.C. 446.) The same person is probably mentioned
in ch. (Nehemiah 10:10)
+One of the "heads" of "the people," who also sealed the covenant.
(Nehemiah 10:22) (B.C. 410.)
+Another of the chief laymen on the same occasion. (Nehemiah 10:26)
+Son of Zaccur, son of Mattaniah, whom Nehemiah made one of the store.
keepers of the provisions collected as tithes. (Nehemiah 13:13)
+Son of Igdaliah. (Jeremiah 35:4) (B.C. 410.)
Hananeel(whom
God graciously gave), The tower of, a tower which formed part of the
wall of Jerusalem (Nehemiah 3:1; 12:39) From these two passages,
particularly from the former, it might almost be inferred that Hananeel
was but another name for the tower of Meah; at any rate they were close
together, and stood between the sheep-gate and the fish-gate. This
tower is further mentioned in (Jeremiah 31:38) The remaining passage in
which it is named, (Zechariah 14:10) also connects this tower with the
"corner-gate," which lay on the other side of the sheep-gate.
Hanani(gracious).
+One of the sons of Heman, and head of the eighteenth course of the
service. (1 Chronicles 25:4,25)
+A seer who rebuked (B.C. 941) Asa king of Judah. (2 Chronicles 16:7)
For this he was imprisoned. ver. 10 He or another Hanani was the father
of Jehu the seer, who testified against Baasha, (1 Kings 16:1,7) and
Jehoshaphat. (2 Chronicles 19:2; 20:34)
+One of the priests who in the time of Ezra had taken strange wives.
(Ezra 10:20)
+A brother of Nehemiah, (Nehemiah 1:2) who was made governor of
Jerusalem under Nehemiah. Ch. (Nehemiah 7:2)
+A priest mentioned in (Nehemiah 12:36)
Hananiah(gift
of God).
+One of the fourteen sons of Heman, and chief of the sixteenth course
of singers. (1 Chronicles 25:4,5,23) (B.C. 1014.)
+A general in the army of King Uzziah. (2 Chronicles 26:11)
+Father of Zedekiah, in the reign of Jehoiakim. (B.C. before 605.)
+Son of Azur, a Benjamite of Gibeon and a false prophet in the reign of
Zedekiah king of Judah. In the fourth year of his reign, B.C. 595,
Hananiah withstood Jeremiah the prophet, and publicly prophesied in the
temple that within two years Jeconiah and all his fellow captives with
the vessels of the Lord's house, should be brought back to Jerusalem.
(Jeremiah 28:1) ... Hananiah corroborated his prophecy by taking from
off the neck of Jeremiah the yoke which he wore by divine command.
(Jeremiah 27:1) ... and breaking it. But Jeremiah was bidden to go tell
Hananiah that for the wooden yokes which he had broken he should make
yokes of iron, so firm was the dominion of Babylon destined to he for
seventy years. The prophet Jeremiah added to this rebuke the prediction
of Hananiah's death, the fulfillment of which closes the history of
this false prophet.
+Grandfather of Irijah, the captain of the ward at the gate of Benjamin
who arrested Jeremiah on the charge of deserting to the Chaldeans.
(Jeremiah 37:13) (B.C. before 589.)
+Head of a Benjamite house. (1 Chronicles 8:24)
+The Hebrew name of Shadrach. He was of the house of David, according
to Jewish tradition (Daniel 1:3,6,7,11,19; 2:17)
+Son of Zerubbabel, (1 Chronicles 3:19) from whom Christ derived his
descent. He is the same person who is by St. Luke called Joanna. (B.C.
after 536.)
+One of the sons of Bebai who returned with Ezra from Babylon (Ezra
10:28) (B.C. 459.)
+A priest, one of the makers of the sacred ointments and incense, who
built a portion of the wall of Jerusalem in the days of Nehemiah.
+Head of the priestly course of Jeremiah in the days of Joiakim.
(Nehemiah 12:12) (B.C. 610.)
+Ruler of the palace at Jerusalem under Nehemiah. The arrangements for
guarding the gates of Jerusalem were intrusted to him with Hanani the
Tirshatha's brother. (Nehemiah 7:2,3) (B.C. 446.)
+An Israelite. (Nehemiah 10:23)
Hananiel(the
favor of God), son of Ephod and prince of Manasseh. (Numbers 34:23)
Handicraft(Acts
18:3; 19:25; Revelation 18:22) A trade was taught to ail the Jewish
boys as a necessary part of their education. Even the greatest rabbis
maintained themselves by trades (Delitzsch). Says Rabbi Jehuda, "He who
does not teach his son a trade is much the same as if he taught him to
be a thief". In the present article brief notice only can be given of
such handicraft trades as are mentioned in Scripture.
+Smiths or metal-workers.--The preparation of iron for use either in
war, in agriculture or for domestic purposes was doubtless one of the
earliest applications of labor; and together with iron, working in
brass, or rather copper alloyed with tin (bronze), is mentioned as
practiced in antediluvian times. (Genesis 4:22) After the establishment
of the Jews in Canaan, the occupation of a smith became recognized as a
distinct employment- (1 Samuel 13:19) The smith's work and its results
are often mentioned in Scripture. (2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Kings 6:7; 2
Chronicles 26:14; Isaiah 44:12; 54:16) The worker in gold and silver
must have found employment among both the Hebrews and the neighboring
nations in very early times. (Genesis 24:22,53; 35:4; 38:18) Various
processes of the goldsmith's work are illustrated by Egyptian
monuments. After the conquest frequent notices are found of both
moulded and wrought metal, including soldering.
+Carpenters are often mentioned in Scripture. (Genesis 6:14; Exodus 37;
Isaiah 44:13) In the palace built by David for himself the workmen
employed were chiefly foreigners. (2 Samuel 5:11) That the Jewish
carpenters must have been able to carve with some skill is evident from
(Isaiah 41:7; 44:13) In the New Testament the occupation of a carpenter
is mentioned in connection with Joseph the husband of the Virgin Mary,
and ascribed to our Lord himself. (Matthew 13:55; Mark 6:3) The trade
included our cabinet work as well as carpentering.
+The masons employed by David and Solomon, at least the chief of them,
were Phoenicians. (1 Kings 5:18; Ezekiel 27:9) The large stones used in
Solomon's temple are said by Josephus to have been fitted together
exactly without either mortar or clamps, but the foundation stones to
have been fastened with lead. For ordinary building mortar was used;
sometimes, perhaps, bitumen, as was the case at Babylon. (Genesis 11:3)
The wall "daubed with untempered mortar" of (Ezekiel 13:10) was perhaps
a sort of cob-wall of mud or clay without lime, which would give way
under heavy rain. The use of whitewash on tombs is remarked by our
Lord. (Matthew 23:27)
+Ship-building must have been exercised to some extent for the
fishing-vessels on the Lake of Gennesaret. (Matthew 8:23; 9:1; John
21:3,8) Solomon built ships for his foreign trade. (1 Kings 9:26,27;
22:48; 2 Chronicles 20:36,37)
+Apothecaries or perfumers appear to have formed a guild or
association. (Exodus 30:25,35; 2 Chronicles 16:14; Nehemiah 3:8;
Ecclesiastes 7:1; 10:1) Ecclus 38:8.
+Weavers .--The arts of spinning and weaving both wool and linen were
carried on in early times, as they usually are still among the
Bedouins, by women. (Exodus 35:20,26; Leviticus 19:19; 22:11; 2 Kings
23:7; Ezekiel 16:16; Proverbs 31:13,14) The loom with its beam, (1
Samuel 17:7) pin, (Judges 16:14) and shuttles (Job 7:6) was perhaps
introduced later, but as early as David's time. (1 Samuel 17:7)
+Dyeing and dressing cloth were practiced in Palestine, as were also
tanning and dressing leather . (Joshua 2:15-18; 2 Kings 1:8; Matthew
3:4; Acts 9:43)
+Barbers . (Numbers 6:5,19; Ezekiel 5:1)
+Tentmakers are noticed in (Acts 18:3)
+Potters are frequently alluded to. (Jeremiah 18:2-6)
+Bakers are noticed in Scripture, (Jeremiah 37:21; Hosea 7:4) and the
well-known valley Tyropoeon probably derived its name from the
occupation of the cheese-makers, its inhabitants.
+Butchers, not Jewish, are spoken of (1 Corinthians 10:25) Shoemakers,
tailors, glaziers and glass vessels painters and gold workers are
mentioned in the Mishna. Chel. viii. 9; xxix. 3,4; xxx. 1.
Handkerchief,
Napkin, Apron(Luke
19:20; John 11:44; 20:7; Acts 19:12) These terms were used in much the
same manner and having much the same significance as at the present.
Hanesa
place in Egypt mentioned only in (Isaiah 30:4) We think that the Chald
Paraphr. is right in identifying it with Tahpanhes, a fortified town on
the eastern frontier.
Hanging,
Hangings
+The "hanging" was a curtain or 'covering' to close an entrance; one
was placed before the door of the tabernacle. Exod 26:36,37; 39:38
+The "hangings"; were used for covering, the walls of the court of the
tabernacles just as tapestry is used in modern times. (Exodus 27:9;
35:17; 38:9; Numbers 3:26; 4:26)
Haniel(grace
of God), one of the sons of Ulla of the tribe of Asher. (1 Chronicles
7:39)
Hannah(grace),
one of the wives of Elkanah, and mother of Samuel. 1Sam 1,2 (B.C.
1141.) A hymn of thanks giving for the birth of her son is in the
highest order of prophetic poetry, its resemblance to that of the
Virgin Mary comp. (1 Samuel 2:1-10) with Luke 1:46-55 See also (Psalms
113:1) ... has been noticed.
Hannathon(gracious),
one of the cities of Zebulun. (Joshua 19:14)
Hanoch(dedicated).
+The third in order of the children of Midian. (Genesis 25:4)
+Eldest son of Reuben, (Genesis 46:9; Exodus 6:14; Numbers 26:5; 1
Chronicles 5:3) and founder of the family of the Hanochites. (Numbers
26:5)
Hanun(favored).
+Son of Nahash (2 Samuel 10:1,2; 1 Chronicles 19:1,2) king of Ammon,
who dishonored the ambassadors of David, (2 Samuel 10:4) and involved
the Ammonites in a disastrous war, (2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 19:6)
(B.C. 1035.)
+A man who, with the people of Zanoah, repaired the ravine gate in the
wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:13) (B.C. 446).
+The sixth son of Zalalph, who also assisted in the repair of the wall,
apparently on the east side. (Nehemiah 3:30) (B.C. 446.)
Haphraim(two
pits), a city of Issachar, mentioned next to Shunem. (Joshua 19:19)
About 6 miles northeast of Lejjun, and two miles west of Solam (the
ancient Shunem), stands the village of el' Afuleh, which may possibly
be the representative of Haphraim.
Hara(mountain
land), (1 Chronicles 5:26) only, is either a place utterly unknown or
it must be regarded as identical with Haran or Charran.
Haradah(fear),
a desert station of the Israelites, (Numbers 33:24,25) its position is
uncertain.
Haran(a
mountaineer).
+The third son of Terah, and therefore youngest brother of Abram.
(Genesis 11:26) (B.C. 1926.) Three children are ascribed to him--Lot,
vs. (Genesis 11:27,31) and two daughters, viz., Milcah, who married her
uncle Nahor, ver. (Genesis 11:29) and Iscah. ver. (Genesis 11:29) Haran
was born in Ur of the Chaldees, and he died there while his father was
still living. ver. (Genesis 11:28)
+A Gershonite Levite in the time of David, one of the family of Shimei.
(1 Chronicles 23:9)
+A son of the great Caleb by his concubine Ephah. (1 Chronicles 2:46)
+HARAN or [591]Charran, (Acts 7:2,4) name of the place whither Abraham
migrated with his family from Ur of the Chaldees, and where the
descendants of his brother Nahor established themselves. Comp. (Genesis
24:10) with Genesis27:43 It is said to be in Mesopotamia, (Genesis
24:10) or more definitely in Padan-aram, ch. (Genesis 25:20) the
cultivated district at the foot of the hills, a name well applying to
the beautiful stretch of country which lies below Mount Masius between
the Khabour and the Euphrates. Here, about midway in this district, is
a small village still called Harran . It was celebrated among the
Romans, under the name of Charrae, as the scene of the defeat of
Crassus.
Hararite(the
mountaineer), The. The destination of three of David's guard.
+Agee, a Hararite (2 Samuel 23:11)
+Shammah the Hararite. (2 Samuel 23:33)
+Sharar, (2 Samuel 23:33) or Sacar, (1 Chronicles 11:35) the Hararite,
was the father of Ahiam, another member of the guard.
Harbona(ass-driver),
the third of the seven chamberlains or eunuchs who served King
Ahasuerus. (Esther 1:10) (B.C. 483-475.)
Harbonah(Esther
7:9) the same as the preceding.
Hare(Heb.
arnebeth) occurs only in (Leviticus 11:6) and Deuteronomy 14:7 Amongst
the animals disallowed as food by the Mosaic law. The hare is at this
day called arnel by the Arabs in Palestine and Syria. It was
erroneously thought by the ancient Jews to have chewed the cud. They
were no doubt misled as in the case of the shaphfan (hyrax), by the
habit these animals have of moving the jaw about.
Harem[[592]House]
Hareph(a
plucking off), a name occurring in the genealogies of Judah as a son of
Caleb and as "father of Bethgader." (1 Chronicles 2:51) only.
Hareth(thicket),
The forest of, in which David took refuge, after at the instigation of
the prophet Gad, he had quitted the "hold" or fastness of the cave of
Adullam. (1 Samuel 22:6)
Harhaiah(the
Lord is angry), father of Uzziel. (Nehemiah 3:8) (B.C. before 446.)
Harhur(inflammation).
The sons of Harhur were among the Nethinim who returned from Babylon
with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:51; Nehemiah 7:53) (B.C. 623.)
Harim(flat-nosed).
+A priest who had charge of the third division in the house of God. (1
Chronicles 24:8) (B.C. 1014.)
+Bene-Harim, probably descendants of the above, to the number of 1017,
came from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:39; Nehemiah 7:42) (B.C.
536.)
+It further occurs in a list of the families of priests "who went up
with Zerubbabel and Jeshua," and of those who were their descendants in
the next generation. (Nehemiah 12:16)
+Another family of Bene-Harim, 320 in number, came from the captivity
in the same caravan. (Ezra 2:82; Nehemiah 7:35) (B.C. 536.) They also
appear among those who had married foreign wives, (Ezra 10:31) as well
as those who sealed the covenant- (Nehemiah 10:27) (B.C. 410.)
Hariph(a
plucking-off). A hundred and twelve of the Bene-Hariph returned from
the captivity with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 7:24) The name occurs again
among the "heads of the people" who sealed the covenant. ch. (Nehemiah
10:19)
HarlotThat
this class of persons existed in the earliest states of society is
clear from (Genesis 38:15) Rahab, (Joshua 2:1) is said by the Chald.
Paraphr. to have been an innkeeper; but if there were such persons,
considering what we know of Canaanitish morals, (Leviticus 18:27) we
may conclude that they would, if women, have been of this class. The
"harlots" are classed with "publicans," as those who lay under the ban
of society, in the New Testament. (Matthew 21:32)
Harmagedon(hill
of Megiddo), (Revelation 16:16) in the Revised Version for Armageddon.
The change is chiefly Har, hill, in place of Ar, city.
Harnepher(panting),
one of the sons of Zophah, of the tribe of Asher. (1 Chronicles 7:36)
Harod(fear),
The well of, a spring by which Gideon and his great army encamped on
the morning of the day which ended in the rout of the Midianites.
(Judges 7:1) and where the trial of the people by their mode of
drinking apparently took place. The Ain Jalud is very suitable to the
circumstances, as being at present the largest spring in the
neighborhood.
Harodite,
Thethe
designation of two of the thirty-seven warriors of David's guard,
Shammah and Elika, (2 Samuel 23:25) doubtless denied from a place named
Harod.
Haroeha
name occurring in the genealogical lists of Judah. (1 Chronicles 2:52)
Harorite(the
same as Harodite) The, the title given to Shammoth, one of the warriors
of David's guard. (1 Chronicles 11:27)
Harosheth(workmanship)
"of the Gentiles" so called from the mixed races that inhabited it--a
city in the north of the land of Canaan, supposed to have stood on the
west coast of the lake Merom from which the Jordan issues forth in one
unbroken stream. It was the residence of Sisera captain of Jabin king
of Canaan, (Judges 4:2) and it was the point to which the victorious
Israelites under Barak pursued the discomfited host and chariots of the
second potentate of that name. (Judges 4:16)
HarpThe
harp was the national instrument of the Hebrews, and was well known
throughout Asia. Moses assigns its invention to Jubal during the
antediluvian period. (Genesis 4:21) Josephus records that the harp had
ten strings, and that it was played on with the plectrum. Sometimes it
was smaller having only eight strings, and was usually played with the
fingers.
Harphite(native
of Hariph), The, the designation of Shephatiah, one of the Korhites who
repaired to David at Ziklag. (1 Chronicles 12:5) (B.C. 1064.)
HarrowThe
word so rendered, (2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3) is probably a
threshing-machine. The verb rendered "to harrow," (Job 39:10; Isaiah
28:24; Hosea 10:11) expresses apparently the breaking of the clods, and
is so far analogous to our harrowing--but whether done by any such
machine as we call a "harrow" is very doubtful.
Harsha(deaf).
Bene-Harsha were among the families of Nethinim who came back from
Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:52; Nehemiah 7:54)
Hartthe
male stag. The word denotes some member of the deer tribe either the
fallow deer or the Barbary deer. The hart is reckoned among the clean
animals, (12:15; 14:5; 15:22) and seems from the passages quoted, as
well as from (1 Kings 4:23) to have been commonly killed for food.
Harum(lofty),
father of Aharhel, in one of the most obscure genealogies of Judah. (1
Chronicles 4:8)
Harumaph(slit-nosed)
father or ancestor of Jedaiah. (Nehemiah 3:10)
Haruz(zealous),
a man of Jotbah, father of Meshullemeth queen of Manasseh. (2 Kings
21:9) (B.C. before 644.)
Harvest[[593]Agriculture]
Hasadiah(loved
by Jehovah) one of a group of five persons among the descendants of the
royal line of Judah, (1 Chronicles 3:20) apparently sons of Zerubbabel.
(B.C. about 536.)
Hasenuah(the
hated), a Benjamite, of one of the chief families in the tribe. (1
Chronicles 9:7)
Hashabiah(whom
God regards).
+A Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 6:45)
+Another Merarite Levite. (1 Chronicles 9:14)
+The fourth of the six sons of Jeduthun, (1 Chronicles 25:3) who had
charge of the twelfth course. ver. 19. (B.C. 1014.)
+One of the descendants of Hebron the son of Kohath- (1 Chronicles
26:30)
+The son of Kemuel, who was prince of the tribe of Levi in the time of
David (1 Chronicles 27:17) (B.C. 1014.)
+A Levite one of the "chiefs" of his tribe, who officiated for King
Josiah at his great Passover feast. (2 Chronicles 35:9) (B.C. 623).
+A Merarite Levite who accompanied Ezra from Babylon. (Ezra 8:19)
+One of the chiefs of the priests who formed part of the same caravan.
(Ezra 8:24) (B.C. 536.)
+Ruler of half the circuit or environs of Keilah; he repaired a portion
of the wall of Jerusalem under Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 3:17) (B.C. 446.)
+One of the Levites who sealed the covenant of reformation after the
return from the captivity. (Nehemiah 10:11; 12:24) comp. Nehe 12:26
(B.C. 446-410.)
+Another Levite, son of Bunni. (Nehemiah 11:15)
+A Levite, son of Mattaniah. (Nehemiah 11:22)
+A priest of the family of Hilkiah in the days of Joiakim son of
Jeshua. (Nehemiah 12:21)
Hashabnah(whom
Jehovah regards), one of the chief of the "people" who sealed the
covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:25) (B.C. 410.)
Hashabniah(whom
Jehovah regards).
+Father of Hattush. (Nehemiah 3:10)
+A Levite who was among those who officiated at the great fast under
Ezra and Nehemiah when the covenant was sealed. (Nehemiah 9:5) (B.C.
410.)
Hashbadana(considerate
judge), one of the men (probably Levites) who stood on Ezra's left hand
while he read the law to the people in Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 8:4)
(B.C.410.)
Hashem(fat).
The sons of Hashem the Gizonite are named amongst the members of
David's guard in (1 Chronicles 11:34) (B.C. before 1014.)
Hashmonah(fatness),
a station of the Israelites, mentioned (Numbers 33:29) as next before
Moseroth.
Hashub(intelligent).
+A son of Pahath-moab, who assisted in the repair of the wall of
Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:11) (B.C. 446.)
+Another who assisted in the same work. (Nehemiah 3:23)
+One of the heads of the people who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah.
(Nehemiah 10:23) (B.C. 410.)
+A Merarite Levite. (Nehemiah 11:15)
Hashubah(intelligent),
the first of a group of five men, apparently the latter half of the
family of Zerubbabel. (1 Chronicles 3:20)
Hashum(rich).
+Bene-Hashum, 223 in number, came back from Babylon with Zerubbabel.
(Ezra 2:19; 10:33; Nehemiah 7:22) (B.C. before 536.) The chief man of
the family was among these who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah.
(Nehemiah 10:18) (B.C. 410.)
+One of the priests or Levites who stood on Ezra's left hand while he
read the law to the congregation. (Nehemiah 8:4) (B.C. 410.)
Hashupha(stripped),
one of the families of Nethinim who returned from captivity in the
first caravan (Nehemiah 7:46) Called [594]Hasupha in (Ezra 2:43) (B.C.
536.)
Hasrah(very
poor), the form in which the name Harhas is given in (2 Chronicles
34:22) comp. 2Kin 22:14
HassenaahThe
Bene-Hassenaah rebuilt the fish-gate in the repair of the wall of
Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:3) (B.C. 446.)
Hasshub[See
[595]Hashub]
Hasupha[See
[596]Hashupha]
Hatach(verily),
one of the eunuchs in the court of Ahasuerus. (Esther 4:5,6,9,10) (B.C.
474.)
Hathath(fearful),
one of the sons of Othniel the Kenazite. (1 Chronicles 4:13)
Hatipha(captive).
Bene-Hatipha (i.e. sons of Hatipha) were among the Nethinim who
returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:54; Nehemiah 7:56) (B.C.
536.)
Hatita(exploring).
Bene-Hatita (i.e. sons of Hatita) were among the "porters" (i.e. the
gate-keepers) who returned from the captivity with Zerubbabel. (Ezra
2:42; Nehemiah 7:45) (B.C. 536.)
Hattuph(assembled).
+A descendant of the kings of Judah apparently one of the sons of
Shechaniah, (1 Chronicles 3:22) in the fourth or fifth generation from
Zerubbabel. A person of the same name accompanied Ezra from Babylon to
Jerusalem. (Ezra 8:2) In another statement Hattush is said to have
returned with Zerubbabel. (Nehemiah 12:2)
+Son of Hashabniah. one-of those who assisted Nehemiah in the repair of
the wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:10) (B.C. 446.)
Hauran(caverns),
a province of Palestine twice mentioned by Ezekiel. (Ezekiel 47:16,17)
There can be little doubt that it is identical with the well-known
Greek province of Auranitis and the modern Hauran east of the Sea of
Galilee, on the borders of the desert, in the tetrarchy of Philip.
Havilah(Genesis
2:11)
+A part of Eden through which flowed the river Pison (Araxes). It was
probably the Grecian Colchis, in the northeast corner of Asia Minor,
near the Caspian Sea.
+A district in Arabia Felix, (Genesis 10:7) named from the second son
of Cush; probably the district of Kualan, in the northwestern part of
Yemen. (circle).
+A son of Cush. (Genesis 10:7)
+A son of Joktan. (Genesis 10:29)
Havothjair(villages
of Jair), certain villages on the east of Jordan, in Gilead or Bashan,
which were taken by Jair the son of Manasseh, and called after his
name. (Numbers 32:41; 3:14) In the records of Manasseh in (Joshua
13:30) and 1Chr 2:23 The Havoth-jair are reckoned with other districts
as making up sixty "cities." Comp. (1 Kings 4:13) There is apparently
some confusion in these different statements as to what the sixty
cities really consisted of. No less doubtful is the number of the
Havoth-Jair. In (1 Chronicles 2:22) they are specified as twenty-three,
but in (Judges 10:4) as thirty.
Hawk(Leviticus
11:16; 14:15; Job 39:26) The hawk includes various species of the
Falconidae . With respect to the passage in Job (l.c.) which appears to
allude to the migratory habits of hawks, it is curious to observe that
of the ten or twelve lesser raptors (hawk tribe) of Palestine, nearly
all are summer migrants. The kestrel remains all the year, but the
others are all migrants from the south.
Hay(Heb.
chatsir), the rendering of the Authorized Version in (Proverbs 27:25)
and Isai 15:6 Of the Hebrew term, which occurs frequently in the Old
Testament, and denotes "grass" of any kind. It is quite probable that
the modern Orientals do not make hay in our sense of the term; but it
is certain that the ancients did mow their grass, and probably made use
of the dry material. See (Psalms 37:2) We may remark that there is an
express Hebrew term for "dry grass" or "hay," viz. chashash, which, in
the only two places where the word occurs, (Isaiah 5:24; 33:11) is
rendered "chaff" in the Authorized Version.
Hazael(whom
God sees), a king of Damascus who reigned from about B.C. 886 to B.C.
840. He appears to have been previously a person in a high position at
the court of Ben-hadad, and was sent by his master to Elisha to inquire
if he would recover from the malady under which he was suffering.
Elisha's answer led to the murder of Ben-hadad by his ambitious
servant, who forthwith mounted the throne. (2 Kings 8:7-15) He was soon
engaged in war with the kings of Judah and Israel for the possession of
the city of Ramoth-gilead. Ibid. (2 Kings 8:28) Towards the close of
the reign of Jehu, Hazael led the Syrians against the Israelites (about
B.C. 860), whom he "smote in all their coasts," (2 Kings 10:32) thus
accomplishing the prophecy of Elisha. Ibid . (2 Kings 8:12) At the
close of his life, having taken Gath, ibid. (2 Kings 12:17) comp. Amos
6:2 He proceeded to attack Jerusalem, (2 Chronicles 24:24) and was
about to assault the city when Joash bribed him to retire. (2 Kings
12:18) Hazael appears to have died about the year B.C. 840, (2 Kings
13:24) having reigned forty-six years.
Hazaiah(whom
Jehovah sees), a man of Judah of the family of the Shilonites, or
descendants of Shelah. (Nehemiah 11:5)
Hazaradaretc.
[[597]Hazer]
Hazarmaveth(court
of death), the third in order of the sons of Joktan (Genesis 10:26) The
name is preserved in the Arabic Hadramawt and Hadrumawl, the
appellation of a province and an ancient people of southern Arabia. The
capital is Satham, a very ancient city, and its chief ports are Mirbat,
Zafari and Kisheem, from whence a great trade was carried on in ancient
times with India and Africa.
HazelThe
Hebrew term luz occurs only in (Genesis 30:37) Authorities are divided
between the hazel and the almond tree as representing the luz . The
latter is most probably correct.
Hazelelponi(shade
coming upon me), the sister of the sons of Etam in the genealogies of
Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:3)
Hazertopographically,
seems generally employed for the villages of people. As a proper name
it appears in the Authorized Version--
+In the plural, [598]Hazerim and HAZEBOTH, for which see below.
+In the slightly different form of [599]Hazor.
+In composition with other words:
+HAZAR-ADDAR (village of Addar), a place named as one of the landmarks
on the southern boundary of the land promised to Israel. (Numbers 34:4)
[600]Adar (Joshua 15:3)
+HAZAR-ENAN (village of fountains), the place at which the northern
boundary of the land promised to the children of Israel was to
terminate. (Numbers 34:9,10) comp. Ezek 47:17; 48:1
+HAZAB GADDAH (village of fortune), one of the towns in the southern
district of Judah, (Joshua 15:27) named between Moladah and Heshmon.
+HAZAR-SHUAL (village of jackals), a town in the southern district of
Judah, lying between Hazar-gaddah and Beersheba. (Joshua 15:28; 19:3; 1
Chronicles 4:28)
+HAZAR-SUSAH (village of horses), one of the "cities" allotted to
Simeon in the extreme south of the territory of Judah. (Joshua 19:5)
Hazerim(villages).
The Avim, or more accurately the Avvim, are said to have lived "in the
villages (Authorized Version 'Hazerim') as far as Gaza," (2:23) before
their expulsion by the Caphtorim.
Hazeroth(villages),
(Numbers 11:35; 12:16; 33:17; 1:1) a station of the Israelites in the
desert, and perhaps recognizable in the Arabic Ain Hudhera, forty miles
northeast of Sinai.
Hazezontamarand
Haz'azon-ta'mar (pruning of palm trees), the ancient name of Engedi.
(Genesis 14:7) The name occurs in the records of the reign of Hezekiah.
(2 Chronicles 20:2)
Haziel(union
of God), a Levite in the time of David, of the family of Shi-mei or
Shimi, the younger branch of the (Gershonites. (1 Chronicles 23:9)
(B.C. 1014.)
Hazo(vision),
a son of Nahor, by Milcah his wife. (Genesis 22:22) (B.C. about 1900.)
Hazor(castle).
+A fortified city, which on the occupation of the country was allotted
to Naphtali. (Joshua 19:36) Its position was apparently between Ramah
and Kedesh, ibid. (Joshua 12:19) on the high ground overlooking the
Lake of Merom. There is no reason for supposing it a different place
from that of which Jabin was king. (Joshua 11:1; Judges 4:2,17; 1
Samuel 12:9) It was the principal city of the whole of north Palestine.
(Joshua 11:10) It was fortified by Solomon, (1 Kings 9:15) and its
inhabitants were carried captive by Tiglath-pileser. (2 Kings 15:29)
The most probable site of Hazor is Tell Khuraibeh .
+One of the "cities" of Judah in the extreme south, named next in order
to Kedesh. (Joshua 15:23)
+Hazor-Hadattah = "new Hazor" another of the southern towns of Judah.
(Joshua 15:25)
+A place in which the Benjamites resided after their return from the
captivity. (Nehemiah 11:33)
HeaddressThe
Hebrews do not appear to have regarded a covering for the head as an
essential article of dress. Hats were unknown. The earliest notice we
have of such a thing is in connection with the sacerdotal vestments.
(Exodus 28:40) The tsaniph (something like a turban) is noticed as
being worn by nobles, (Job 29:14) ladies, (Isaiah 3:23) and kings,
(Isaiah 62:3) while the peer was an article of holiday dress, (Isaiah
61:3) Authorized Version "beauty;" (Ezekiel 24:17,23) and was worn at
weddings. (Isaiah 61:10) The ordinary head-dress of the Bedouin
consists of the keffieh, a square handkerchief, generally of red and
yellow cotton or cotton and silk, folded so that three of the corners
hang down over the back and shoulders, leaving the face exposed, and
bound round the head by a cord. It is not improbable that a similar
covering was used by the Hebrews on certain occasions. The Assyrian
head-dress is described in (Ezekiel 23:15) under the terms "exceeding
in dyed attire." The word rendered "hats" in (Daniel 3:21) properly
applies to a cloak.
HearthOne
way of baking much practiced in the East is to place the dough on an
iron plate, either laid on or supported on legs above the vessel sunk
in the ground, which forms the oven. The cakes baked "on the hearth"
(Genesis 18:6) were probably baked in the existing Bedouin manner, on
hot stones covered with ashes. The "hearth" of King Jehoiakim's winter
palace, (Jeremiah 36:23) was possibly a pan or brazier of charcoal.
From this we see that the significance of the Hebrew words translated
hearth is not the same as with us.
Heath(Jeremiah
17:6) was some species of juniper, probably the savin, a dwarf, stunted
juniper which grows in the most sterile parts of the desert.
Heathen[[601]Gentiles]
HeavenThere
are four Hebrew words thus rendered in the Old Testament which we may
briefly notice.
+Raki'a, Authorized Version, firmament. [[602]Firmament]
+Shamayim . This is the word used in the expression "the heaven and the
earth," or "the upper and lower regions." (Genesis 1:1)
+Marom, used for heaven in (Psalms 18:16; Isaiah 24:18; Jeremiah
25:30). Properly speaking it means a mountain as in (Psalms 102:19;
Ezekiel 17:23)
+Shechakim, "expanses," with reference to the extent of heaven. (33:26;
Job 35:5) St. Paul's expression "third heaven," (2 Corinthians 12:2)
had led to much conjecture. Grotius said that the Jews divided the
heaven into three parts, viz.,
+The air or atmosphere, where clouds gather;
+The firmament, in which the sun, moon and stars are fixed;
+The upper heaven, the abode of God and his angels, the invisible realm
of holiness and happiness the home of the children of God.
Heber(alliance).
+Grandson of the patriarch Asher, (Genesis 46:17; Numbers 26:45; 1
Chronicles 7:31) from whom came the Heberites. (Numbers 26:45)
+The patriarch Eber. (Luke 3:35) [[603]Eber]
+The father of Socho; a Judite. (1 Chronicles 4:18)
+A Benjamite. (1 Chronicles 8:17)
+A Benjamite. (1 Chronicles 8:22)
+A Gadite. (1 Chronicles 5:13)
+The husband of Jael, who slew Sisera by driving a nail into his
temple. (Judges 4:21,22)
HebrewThis
word first occurs as given to Abram by the Canaanites, (Genesis 4:13)
because he had crossed the Euphrates. The name is also derived from
Eber, "beyond, on the other side," Abraham and his posterity being
called Hebrews in order to express a distinction between the races east
and west of the Euphrates. It may also be derived from Heber, one of
the ancestors of Abraham. (Genesis 10:24) The term Israelite was used
by the Jews of themselves among themselves; the term Hebrew was the
name by which they were known to foreigners. The latter was accepted by
the Jews in their external relations; and after the general
substitution of the word Jew, it still found a place in that marked and
special feature of national contradistinction, the language.
Hebrew
LanguageThe
books of the Old Testament are written almost entirely in the Hebrew
language. It is a branch of the Shemitic language, one of the three
great divisions into which all languages have been reduced. It is one
of the earliest of known languages, and some suppose that it was the
original language of man.
Hebrews,
Epistle To The
+The author--There has been a wide difference of opinion respecting the
authorship of this epistle. For many years Paul was considered the
author; others think it may have been Luke, Barnabas, or Apollos. Much
of the theology and the language are similar to Paul's, but the
authorship of the epistle ia still disputed.
+To whom written .--The epistle was probably addressed to the Jews in
Jerusalem and Palestine. The argument of the epistle is such as could
he used with most effect to a church consisting exclusively of Jews by
birth, personally familiar with and attached to the temple service.
+Date.--It was evidently written before the destruction of Jerusalem in
A.D. 70, probably about A.D. 62-64.
+Place .--It was probably written in Italy, while Paul was a prisoner
at Rome.
+Contents .--With respect to the scope of the epistle, it should be
recollected that while the numerous Christian churches scattered
throughout Judea, (Acts 9:31; Galatians 1:22) were continually exposed
to persecution from the Jews, (1 Thessalonians 2:14) there was in
Jerusalem one additional weapon in the hands of the predominant
oppressors of the Christians. The magnificent national temple might be
put against the Hebrew Christian; and even if this affliction were not
often laid upon him, yet there was a secret burden which he bore within
him, the knowledge that the end of all the beauty and awfulness of Zion
was rapidly approaching. The writer of this epistle meets the Hebrew
Christians on their own ground, showing that the new faith gave them
Christ the Son of God, more prevailing than the high priest as an
intercessor; that his Sabbath awaited them, his covenant, his
atonement, his city heavenly not made with hands. Having him, believe
in him with all your heart, with a faith in the unseen future strong as
that of the saints of old, patient under present and prepared for
coming woe, full of energy and hope and holiness and love. Such was the
teaching of the Epistle to the Hebrews.
Hebron(alliance).
+The third son of Kohath, who was the second son of Levi. (Exodus 6:18;
Numbers 3:19; 1 Chronicles 6:2,18; 23:12) He was the founder of a
family of Hebronites, (Numbers 3:27; 26:58; 1 Chronicles 26:23,30,31),
or Bene-Hebron. (1 Chronicles 15:9; 23:19)
+A city of Judah, (Joshua 15:54) situated among the mountains, (Joshua
20:7) 20 Roman miles south of Jerusalem, and the same distance north of
Beersheba. Hebron is one of the most ancient cities in the world still
existing; and in this respect it is the rival of Damascus. It was a
well-known town when Abraham entered Canaan, 3800 years ago. (Genesis
13:18) Its original name was Kirjath-arba, (Judges 1:10) "the city of
Arba;" so called from Arba the father of Anak. (Joshua 15:13,14; 21:13)
Sarah died at Hebron; and Abraham then bought from Ephron the Hittite
the field and cave of Machpelah, to serve as a family tomb (Genesis
23:2-20) The cave is still there, and the massive walls of the Haram or
mosque, within which it lies, form the most remarkable object in the
whole city. Abraham is called by Mohammedans el-Khulil, "the Friend,"
i.e. of God, and this is the modern name of Hebron. Hebron now contains
about 5000 inhabitants, of whom some fifty families are Jews. It is
picturesquely situated in a narrow valley, surrounded by rocky hills.
The valley runs from north to south; and the main quarter of the town,
surmounted by the lofty walls of the venerable Haram, lies partly on
the eastern slope. (Genesis 37:14) comp. Genesis23:19 About a mile from
the town, up the valley, is one of the largest oak trees in Palestine.
This, say some, is the very tree beneath which Abraham pitched his
tent, and it still bears the name of the patriarch.
+One of the towns in the territory of Asher, (Joshua 19:28) probably
Ebdon or Abdom.
Hebronites,
TheA
family of Kohathite Levites, descendants of Hebron the son of Kohath.
(Numbers 3:27; 26:58; 1 Chronicles 26:23)
HedgeThe
Hebrew words thus rendered denote simply that which surrounds or
encloses, whether it be a stone wall, geder, (Proverbs 24:31; Ezekiel
42:10) or a fence of other materials. The stone walls which surround
the sheepfolds of modern Palestine are frequently crowned with sharp
thorns.
Hegai(eunuch),
one of the eunuchs of the court of Ahasuerus. (Esther 2:8,15) (B.C.
474.)
Hegeanother
form of the preceding (Esther 2:3)
Heifer(1
Samuel 6:7-12; Job 21:10; Isaiah 7:21) The heifer or young cow was not
commonly used for ploughing, but only for treading out the corn. (Hosea
10:11) but see Judg 14:18 When it ran about without any headstall,
(26:4) hence the expression an "unbroken heifer," (Hosea 4:16)
Authorized Version "backsliding" to which Israel is compared.
HeirThe
Hebrew institutions relative to inheritance were of a very simple
character. Under the patriarchal system the property was divided among
the sons of the legitimate wives, (Genesis 21:10; 24:36; 25:5) a larger
portion being assigned to one, generally the eldest, on whom devolved
the duty of maintaining the females of the family. The sons of
concubines were portioned off with presents. (Genesis 25:6) At a later
period the exclusion of the sons of concubines was rigidly enforced.
(Judges 11:1) ff. Daughters had no share in the patrimony, (Genesis
21:14) but received a marriage portion. The Mosaic law regulated the
succession to real property thus: it has to be divided among the sons,
the eldest receiving a double portion, (21:17) the others equal shares;
if there were no sons, it went to the daughters, (Numbers 27:8) on the
condition that they did not marry out of their own tribe, (Numbers
36:6) ff.; otherwise the patrimony was forfeited. If there were no
daughters it went to the brother of the deceased; if no brother, to the
paternal uncle; and, failing these to the next of kin. (Numbers 27:9-11)
Helah(rust),
one of the two wives of Ashur, father of Tekoa. (1 Chronicles 4:5)
Helam(stronghold),
a place east of the Jordan but west of the Euphrates at which the
Syrians were collected by Hadarezer, and where David met and defeated
them. (2 Samuel 10:16,17)
Helbah(fertile),
a town of Asher, probably on the plain of Phoenicia not far from Sidon.
(Judges 1:31)
Helbon(fertile),
a place mentioned only in (Ezekiel 27:18) Geographers have hitherto
represented Helbon as identical with the city of Aleppo, called Haleb
by the Arabs; but there are strong reasons against this, and the
ancient city must be identified with a village within a few miles of
Damascus still bearing the ancient name Helbon, and still celebrated as
producing the finest grapes in the country.
Heldai(worldly).
+The twelfth captain of the monthly courses for the temple service. (1
Chronicles 27:15) (B.C. 1014.)
+An Israelite who seems to have returned from the captivity. (Zechariah
6:10) (B.C. 520.)
Heleb(milk),
or He'led (transient) son of Baanah the Netophathite, one of the heroes
of King David's guard. (2 Samuel 23:29; 1 Chronicles 11:30)
Helek(portion),
one of the descendants of Manasseh, and second son of Gilead, (Numbers
26:30) and founder of the Helekites. (B.C. 1445.)
Helem(strength).
+A descendant of Asher. (1 Chronicles 7:35)
+A man mentioned only in (Zechariah 6:14) Apparently the same as Heldai.
Heleph(exchange),
the place from which the boundary of the tribe of Naphtali started.
(Joshua 19:33)
Helez(strength).
+One of "the thirty" of David's guard, (2 Samuel 23:26; 1 Chronicles
11:27) an Ephraimite, and captain of the seventh monthly course. (1
Chronicles 27:10) (B.C. 1016.)
+A man of Judah, son of Azariah. (1 Chronicles 2:39)
Helhath(portion),
the town named as the starting-point for the boundary of the tribe of
Asher, (Joshua 19:25) and allotted with its "suburbs" to the Gershonite
Levites. ch. (Joshua 21:31) Perhaps Yerka, seven miles from Acre.
Heli(ascending),
the father of Joseph the husband of the Virgin Mary, (Luke 13:23)
perhaps the grandfather of Mary herself. [See [604]Genealogy Of Jesus
Christ OF JESUS CHRIST]
Heliopolis[See
[605]On]
Helkathhazzurim(field
of rock), a smooth piece of ground, apparently close to the pool of
Gibeon, where the combat took place between the two parties of Joab's
men and Abner's men which ended in the death of the whole of the
combatants, and brought on a general battle. (2 Samuel 2:16)
HellIn
the Old Testament this is the word generally and unfortunately used by
our translators to render the Hebrew Sheol . It really means the place
of the dead, the unseen world, without deciding whether it be the place
of misery or of happiness. It is clear that in many passages of the Old
Testament Sheol can only mean "the grave," and is rendered in the
Authorized Version; see, for example, (Genesis 37:35; 42:38; 1 Samuel
2:6; Job 14:13) In other passages, however, it seems to Involve a
notion of punishment, and is therefore rendered in the Authorized
Version by the word "hell." But in many cases this translation misleads
the reader. In the New Testament "hell" is the translation of two
words, Hades and Gehenna . The word Hades, like Sheol sometimes means
merely "the grave," (Acts 2:31; 1 Corinthians 15:55; Revelation 20:13)
or in general "the unseen world." It is in this sense that the creeds
say of our Lord, "He went down into hell," meaning the state of the
dead in general, without any restriction of happiness or misery.
Elsewhere in the New Testament Hades is used of a place of torment,
(Matthew 11:23; Luke 16:23; 2 Peter 2:4) etc.; consequently it has been
the prevalent, almost the universal, notion that Hades is an
intermediate state between death and resurrection, divided into two
parts one the abode of the blest and the other of the lost. It is used
eleven times in the New Testament, and only once translated "grave." (1
Corinthians 15:55) The word most frequently used (occurring twelve
times) in the New Testament for the place of future punishment is
Gehenna or Gehenna of fire . This was originally the valley of Hinnom,
south of Jerusalem, where the filth and dead animals of the city were
cast out and burned; a fit symbol of the wicked and their destruction.
[See [606]Hinnom]
Hellenist(Grecian),
the term applied in the New Testament to Greek-speaking or "Grecian"
Jews. The Hellenists as a body included not only the proselytes of
Greek (or foreign) parentage, but also those. Jews who, by settling in
foreign countries, had adopted the prevalent form of the current Greek
civilization, and with it the use of the common Greek dialect. (Acts
6:1; 9:29)
Helmet[[607]Arms,
Armor]
Helon(strong),
father of Eliab, of the tribe of Zebulun. (Numbers 1:9; 2:7; 7:24,29;
10:16) (B.C. 1491.)
Hem
Of GarmentThe
importance which the later Jews, especially the Pharisees, (Matthew
23:5) attached to the hem or fringe of their garments was founded upon
the regulation in (Numbers 15:38,39) which gave a symbolical meaning to
it. [See [608]Dress]
Hemam(exterminating).
Hori and Hemam were sons of Lotan, the eldest son of Seir. (Genesis
36:22)
Heman(faithful)
+Son of Zerah. (1 Chronicles 2:6; 1 Kings 4:31)
+Son of Joel and grandson of Samuel the prophet, a Kohathite. He is
called "the singer," rather the musician, (1 Chronicles 6:33) and was
the first of the three Levites to whom was committed the vocal and
instrumental music of the temple service in the reign of David. (1
Chronicles 15:16-22) The 88th Psalm is ascribed to him. (B.C. 1014.)
Hemath(heat),
a person or place named in the genealogical lists of Judah, as the
origin of the Kenites, and the "father" of the house of Rechab. (1
Chronicles 2:55) (B.C. 1445.)
Hemdan(pleasant),
the eldest son of Dishon, son of Anah the Horite. (Genesis 36:26)
[[609]Amram, 2] (B.C. about 1500.)
Hemlockthe
common ground or dwarf hemlock, a bitter, poisonous plant. The Hebrew
rosh is rendered "hemlock" in two passages, (Hosea 10:4; Amos 6:12) but
elsewhere "gall." [[610]Gall] (It is possible that the plant is rather
the poppy than an hemlock.--Cook.)
HenThe
hen is nowhere noticed in the Bible except in (Matthew 23:37; Luke
13:34) That a bird so common in Palestine should receive such slight
notice is certainly peculiar. (rest), probably a son of Zephaniah, and
apparently the same who is called [611]Josiah in (Zechariah 6:10)
Hena(troubling),
a city the Assyrian kings had reduced shortly before the time of
Sennacherib. (2 Kings 19:13; Isaiah 37:13) At no great distance from
Sippara (now Mosaib) is an ancient town called And or Anah, which may
be the same as Hena. It is 20 miles from Babylon on the Euphrates.
Henadad(grace
of Hadad), the head of a family of the Levites who took a prominent
part in the rebuilding of the temple. (Ezra 3:9)
Henoch
+Enoch, 2. (1 Chronicles 1:3)
+Hanoch, 1. (1 Chronicles 1:33)
Hephera
place in ancient Canaan which occurs in the lists of conquered kings.
(Joshua 12:17) It was on the west of Jordan. Comp. (Joshua 12:7) and
1Kin 4:10 (a well).
+The youngest of the sons of Gilead, (Numbers 26:32) and head of the
family of the Hepherites. (B.C. before 1450.)
+Son of Ashur, the "father of Tekoa." (1 Chronicles 4:6) (B.C. about
1445.)
+The Mecherathite, one of the heroes of David's guard. (1 Chronicles
11:36) (B.C. 1046.)
Hepherites,
Thethe
family of Hepher the son of Gilead. (Numbers 26:32)
Hephzibah
+A name signifying "my delight in her," which is to be borne by the
restored Jerusalem. (Isaiah 62:4)
+The queen of King Hezekiah and the mother of Manasseh. (2 Kings 21:1)
(B.C. 709-696.)
Heraldone
who makes public proclamation. The only notice of this officer in the
Old Testament occurs in (Daniel 3:4) The term "herald" might be
substituted for "preacher" in (1 Timothy 2:7; 2 Timothy 1:11; 2 Peter
2:5)
Herd(a
collection of cattle), Herdsmen. The herd was greatly regarded in both
the patriarchal and the Mosaic period. The ox was the most precious
stock next to horse and mule. The herd yielded the most esteemed
sacrifice, (Numbers 7:3; Psalms 69:31; Isaiah 66:3) also flesh meat,
and milk, chiefly converted probably, into butter and cheese. (32:14; 2
Samuel 17:29) The agricultural and general usefulness of the ox in
ploughing, threshing, and as a beast of burden, (1 Chronicles 12:40;
Isaiah 46:1) made a slaughtering of him seem wasteful. Herdsmen, etc.,
in Egypt were a low, perhaps the lowest, caste; but of the abundance of
cattle in Egypt, and of the care there bestowed on them, there is no
doubt. (Genesis 47:6,17; Exodus 9:4,20) So the plague of hail was sent
to smite especially the cattle, (Psalms 78:48) the firstborn of which
also were smitten. (Exodus 12:29) The Israelites departing stipulated
for, (Exodus 10:26) and took "much cattle" with them. ch. (Exodus
12:38) Cattle formed thus one of the traditions of the Israelitish
nation in its greatest period, and became almost a part of that
greatness. The occupation of herdsman was honorable in early times.
(Genesis 47:6; 1 Samuel 11:5; 1 Chronicles 27:29; 28:1) Saul himself
resumed it in the interval of his cares as king, also Doeg was
certainly high in his confidence (1 Samuel 21:7) Pharaoh made some of
Joseph's brethren "rulers over his cattle." David's herd-masters were
among his chief officers of state. The prophet Amos at first followed
this occupation.
Heres(the
sun), (Judges 1:35) a city of Dan, in Mount Ephraim, near Ajalon;
possibly identical with Mount Jearim (Ir-shemesh, city of the gun).
Heresh(artificer),
a Levite attached to the tabernacle (1 Chronicles 9:15) (B.C. 536.)
Hermas(Mercury),
the name of a Christian resident at Rome to whom St. Paul sends
greetings in his Epistle to the Romans. (Romans 16:14) (A.D. 55.)
Irenaeus, Tertullian and Origen agree in attributing to him the work
called The shepherd . It was never received into the canon, but yet was
generally cited with respect only second to that which was paid to the
authoritative books of the New Testament.
Hermes(Mercury),
a Christian mentioned in (Romans 16:14) According to tradition he was
one of the seventy disciples, and afterward bishop of Dalmatia. (A.D.
55.)
Hermogenesa
person mentioned by St. Paul in the latest of all his epistles, (2
Timothy 1:15) when all in Asia had turned away from him. (A.D. 64.)
Hermon(a
peak, summit), a mountain on the northeastern border of Palestine,
(3:8; Joshua 12:1) over against Lebanon, (Joshua 11:17) adjoining the
plateau of Bashan. (1 Chronicles 5:23) It stands at the southern end,
and is the culminating point of the anti-Libanus range; it towers high
above the ancient border city of Dan and the fountains of the Jordan,
and is the most conspicuous and beautiful mountain in Palestine or
Assyria. At the present day it is called Jebel esh-Sheikh, "the chief
mountain," and Jebel eth-Thelj, "snowy mountain." When the whole
country is parched with the summer sun, white lines of snow streak the
head of Hermon. This mountain was the great landmark of the Israelites.
It was associated with their northern border almost as intimately as
the sea was with the western. Hermon has three summits, situated like
the angles of a triangle, and about a quarter of a mile from each
other. In two passages of Scripture this mountain is called
Baal-hermon, (Judges 3:3; 1 Chronicles 5:23) possibly because Baal was
there worshipped. (It is more than probable that some part of Hermon
was the scene of the transfiguration, as it stands near Caesarea
Philippi, where we know Christ was just before that event--ED.) The
height of Hermon has never been measured, though it has often been
estimated. It may safely be reckoned at 10,000 feet.
Hermonites,
TheProperly
"the Hermons," with reference to the three summits of Mount Hermon.
(Psalms 42:6) (Psal 42:7).
Herod(hero-like).
This family though of Idumean origin and thus alien by race, was Jewish
in faith. I. HEROD THE GREAT was the second son of Antipater, an
Idumean, who was appointed procurator of Judea by Julius Caesar, B.C.
47. Immediately after his father's elevation when only fifteen years
old, he received the government of Galilee and shortly afterward that
of Coele-Syria. Though Josephus says he was 15 years old at this time,
it is generally conceded that there must be some mistake, as he lived
to be 69 or 70 years old, and died B.C. 4; hence he must have been 25
years old at this time.--ED.) In B.C. 41 he was appointed by Antony
tetrarch of Judea. Forced to abandon Judea the following year, he fled
to Rome, and received the appointment of king of Judea. In the course
of a few years, by the help of the Romans he took Jerusalem (B.C. 37),
and completely established his authority throughout his dominions. The
terrible acts of bloodshed which Herod perpetrated in his own family
were accompanied by others among his subjects equally terrible, from
the number who fell victims to them. According to the well-known story)
he ordered the nobles whom he had called to him in his last moment to
be executed immediately after his decease, that so at least his death
might be attended by universal mourning. It was at the time of his
fatal illness that he must have caused the slaughter of the infants at
Bethlehem. (Matthew 2:16-18) He adorned Jerusalem with many splendid
monuments of his taste and magnificence. The temple, which he built
with scrupulous care, was the greatest of these works. The restoration
was begun B.C. 20, and the temple itself was completed in a year and a
half. But fresh additions were constantly made in succeeding years, so
that it was said that the temple was "built in forty and six years,"
(John 2:20) the work continued long after Herod's death. (Herod died of
a terrible disease at Jericho, in April, B.C. 4, at the age of 69,
after a long reign of 37 years.--ED.) II. HEROD [612]Antipas,
[613]Antipas was the son of Herod the Great by Malthake, a Samaritan.
He first married a daughter of Aretas, "king of Arabia Petraea," but
afterward Herodias, the wife of his half-brother, Herod Philip. Aretas,
indignant at the insult offered to his daughter, found a pretext for
invading the territory of Herod, and defeated him with great loss. This
defeat, according to the famous passage in Josephus, was attributed by
many to the murder of John the Baptist, which had been committed by
Antipas shortly before, under the influence of Herodias. (Matthew 14:4)
ff.; Mark 6:17 ff.; Luke 3:19 At a later time the ambition of Herodias
proved the cause of her husband's ruin. She urged him to go to Rome to
gain the title of king, cf. (Mark 6:14) but he was opposed at the court
of Caligula by the emissaries of Agrippa, and condemned to perpetual
banishment at Lugdunum, A.D. 39. Herodias voluntarily shared his
punishment, and he died in exile. Pilate took occasion from our Lord's
residence in Galilee to bend him for examination, (Luke 23:6) ff., to
Herod Antipas, who came up to Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover. The
city of Tiberias, which Antipas founded and named in honor of the
emperor, was the most conspicuous monument of his long reign. III.
HEROD PHILIP I. (Philip,) (Mark 6:17) was the son of Herod the Great
and Mariamne. He married Herodias the sister of Agrippa I by whom he
had a daughter, Salome. He was excluded from all share in his father's
possessions in consequence of his mother's treachery, and lived
afterward in a private station. IV. HEROD PHILIP II. was the son of
Herod the Great and Cleopatra. He received as his own government
Batanea Trachonitis, Auramtis (Gaulanitis), and some parts about
Jamnia, with the title of tetrarch. Luke 3:1. He built a new city on
the site of Paneas, near the sources of the Jordan, which be called
Caesarea Philippi, (Matthew 16:13; Mark 8:27) and raised Bethsaida to
the rank of a city under the title of Julias and died there A.D. 34. He
married Salome, the daughter of Herod Philip I. and Herodias. V. HEROD
AGRIPPA I. was the son of Aristobulus and Berenice, and grandson of
Herod the Great. He was brought up at Rome, and was thrown into prison
by Tiberius, where he remained till the accession of Caligula, who made
him king, first of the tetrarchy of Philip and Lysanias; afterward the
dominions of Antipas were added, and finally Judea and Samaria. Unlike
his predessors, Agrippa was a strict observer of the law, and he sought
with success the favor of the Jews. It is probable that it was with
this view he put to death James the son of Zebedee, and further
imprisoned Peter. (Acts 12:1) ff. But his sudden death interrupted his
ambitious projects. (Acts 12:21,23) VI. HEROD AGRIPPA II--was the son
of Herod Agrippa I. In A.D. 62 the emperor gave him the tetrarches
formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, with the title of king. (Acts
25:13) The relation in which he stood to his sister Berenice, (Acts
25:13) was the cause of grave suspicion. It was before him that Paul
was tried. (Acts 26:28)
Herodians(from
Herod). (Matthew 22:15) ff.; Mark 12:13 ff. Canon Cook describes these
persons as "that party among the Jews who were supporters of the
Herodian family as the last hope of retaining for the Jews a fragment
of national government, as distinguished from absolute dependence upon
Rome as a province of the empire. Supporters of the family of Herod,
who held their dominions by the grant of the Roman emperor, would be in
favor of paying tribute to the supreme power. (Matthew 22:16)
Herodiasdaughter
of Aristobulus, one of the sons of Mariamne and Herod the Great, and
consequently sister of Agrippa I. She first married Herod Philip I.;
then she eloped from him to marry Herod Antipas her step-uncle. The
head of John the Baptist was granted at the request of Herodias.
(Matthew 14:8-11; Mark 6:24-28) (A.D. 29.) She accompanied Antipas into
exile to Lugdunum
Herodiona
relative of St. Paul, to whom he sends his salutation amongst the
Christians of the Roman church. (Romans 16:11) (A.D. 55.)
Heron(Leviticus
11:19; 14:18) a common large, wading, unclean bird. Nearly all of the
species known in English ornithology are found in the vicinity of
Palestine. Canon Cook and others think the bird intended is the plover
(Charadrius aedicnemus), a greedy, thick kneed, high-flying migratory
bird, very common in the East, on the banks of rivers and shores of
lakes.--ED.
Hesed(kindness),
the son of Hesed or Ben-Chesed, was commissary for Solomon. (1 Kings
4:10) (B.C. about 995.)
Heshbon(stronghold),
the capital city of Sihon king of the Amorites. (Numbers 21:26) It
stood on the western border of the high plain--Mishor, (Joshua
13:17)--and on the boundary line between the tribes of Reuben and Gad.
The ruins of Hesban, 20 miles east of the Jordan, on the parallel of
the northern end of the Dead Sea mark the site, as they bear the name;
of the ancient Heshbon. There are many cisterns among the ruins. Comp.
(Song of Solomon 7:4)
Heshmon(rich
soil), a place named, with others, as lying in the extreme south of
Judah. (Joshua 15:27)
Hesron,
Hezron(enclosed),
the son of Reuben, (Numbers 26:6) and ancestor of the Hezronites. (B.C.
about 1700.)
Heth(terror),
the forefather of the nation of the Hittites. In the genealogical
tables of (Genesis 10:15) and 1Chr 1:13 Heth is a son of Canaan.
(Genesis 24:3,4; 28:1,2)
Hethlon(hiding-place),
the name of a place on the northern border of Palestine. (Ezekiel
47:15; 48:1) In all probability the "way of Hethlon" is the pass at the
northern end of Lebanon, and is thus identical with "the entrance of
Hamath" in (Numbers 34:8) etc.
Hezeki(strong),
a Benjamite, one of the Bene-Elpaal, a descendant of Shaaraim. (1
Chronicles 8:17) (B.C. 598.)
Hezekiah(the
might of Jehovah).
+Twelfth king of Judah, son of the apostate Ahaz and Abi or Abijah,
ascended the throne at the age of 25, B.C. 726. Hezekiah was one of the
three most perfect kings of Judah. (2 Kings 18:5) Ecclus. 49:4. His
first act was to purge and repair and reopen with splendid sacrifices
and perfect ceremonial the temple. He also destroyed a brazen serpent,
said to have been the one used by Moses in the miraculous healing of
the Israelites, (Numbers 21:9) which had become an object of adoration.
When the kingdom of Israel had fallen, Hezekiah invited the scattered
inhabitants to a peculiar passover, which was continued for the
unprecedented period of fourteen days. (2 Chronicles 29:30,31) At the
head of a repentant and united people, Hezekiah ventured to assume the
aggressive against the Philistines and in a series of victories not
only rewon the cities which his father had lost, (2 Chronicles 28:18)
but even dispossessed them of their own cities except Gaza, (2 Kings
18:8) and Gath. He refused to acknowledge the supremacy of Assyria. (2
Kings 18:7) Instant war was imminent and Hezekiah used every available
means to strengthen himself. (2 Kings 20:20) It was probably at this
dangerous crisis in his kingdom that we find him sick and sending for
Isaiah, who prophesies death as the result. (2 Kings 20:1) Hezekiah's
prayer for longer life is heard. The prophet had hardly left the palace
when he was ordered to return and promise the king immediate recovery
and fifteen years more of life. (2 Kings 20:4) An embassy coming from
Babylon ostensibly to compliment Hezekiah on his convalescence, but
really to form an alliance between the two powers, is favorably
received by the king, who shows them the treasures which he had
accumulated. For this Isaiah foretells the punishment that shall befall
his house. (2 Kings 20:17) The two invasions of Sennacherib occupy the
greater part of the scripture records concerning the reign of Hezekiah.
The first of these took place in the third year of Sennacherib, B.C.
702, and occupies only three verses. (2 Kings 18:13-16) Respecting the
commencement of the second invasion we have full details in (2 Kings
18:17) seq.; 2Chr 32:9 seq.; Isai 36:1 ... Sennacherib sent against
Jerusalem an army under two officers and his cupbearer, the orator
Rabshakeh, with a blasphemous and insulting summons to surrender; but
Isaiah assures the king he need not fear, promising to disperse the
enemy. (2 Kings 19:6,7) Accordingly that night "the angel of the Lord
went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred fourscore
and five thousand." Hezekiah only lived to enjoy for about one year
more his well-earned peace and glory. He slept with his fathers after a
reign of twenty-nine years, in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 697.
+Son of Neariah, one of the descendants of the royal family of Judah.
(1 Chronicles 3:23)
+The same name, though rendered in the Authorized Version [614]Hizkiah,
is found in (Zephaniah 1:1)
+Ater of Hezekiah. [[615]Ater]
Hezion(vision),
a king of Aram (Syria), father of Tabrimon and grandfather of Ben-hadad
I. (1 Kings 15:18) He is probably identical with [616]Rezon, the
contemporary of Solomon, in (1 Kings 11:23) (B.C. before 928.)
Hezir(Swine).
+A priest in the time of David, leader of the seventeenth monthly
course in the service. (1 Chronicles 24:15) (B.C. 1014.)
+One of the heads of the people (lay-men) who sealed the solemn
covenant with Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 10:20) (B.C. 410.)
Hezrai(enclosed),
one of the thirty heroes of David's guard. (2 Samuel 23:35) (B.C.
1046.) In the parallel list, (1 Chronicles 11:37) the name appears as
HEZRO.
Hezron(surrounded
by a wall).
+A son of Reuben. (Genesis 46:9; Exodus 6:14)
+A son of Pharez. (Genesis 46:12; Ruth 4:18)
Hezronites(descendants
of Hezron), The.
+Descendants of Hezron the son of Reuben. (Numbers 26:6)
+A branch of the tribe of Judah, descendants of Hezron the son of
Pharez. (Numbers 26:21)
Hiddai(for
the rejoicing of Jehovah), one of the thirty-seven heroes of David's
guard. (2 Samuel 23:30) (B.C. 1046.)
Hiddekel(rapid),
one of the rivers of Eden, the river which "goeth eastward to Assyria,"
(Genesis 2:14) and which Daniel calls "the great river," (Daniel 10:4)
seems to have been rightly identified by the LXX. with the Tigris.
Dekel is clearly an equivalent of Digla or Dighath, a name borne by the
Tigris in all ages. The name now in use among the inhabitants of
Mesopotamia is Dijleh .
Hiel(God
liveth), a native of Bethel, who rebuilt Jericho in the reign of Ahab,
(1 Kings 16:34) (B.C. after 915), and in whom was fulfilled the curse
pronounced by Joshua, (Joshua 6:26) five hundred years before.
Hierapolis(holy
city), a city of Phrygia, situated above the junction of the rivers
Lycus and Maeander, near Colossae and Laodicea mentioned only in
(Colossians 4:13) as the seat of a church probably founded by Epaphras.
Higgaion(meditation),
a word which occurs three times in the book of Psalms-- (Psalms 9:16;
19:14; 92:3) (margin). The word has two meanings, one of a general
character, implying thought; reflection, and another, in (Psalms 9:16)
and Psal 92:3 Of a technical nature, the precise meaning of which
cannot at this distance of time be determined. (Canon Cook says that it
probably means an interlude giving musical expression to the feelings
suggested by the preceding words.--ED.)
High
Places6813 PriestThe
first distinct separation of Aaron to the office of the priesthood,
which previously belonged to the first-born was that recorded (Exodus
28:1) ... We find from the very first the following characteristic
attributes of Aaron and the high priests his successors, as
distinguished from the other priests: Aaron alone was anointed,
(Leviticus 8:12) whence one of the distinctive epithets of the high
priest was "the anointed priest." (Leviticus 4:3,5,16; 21:10) see
(Numbers 35:25) The anointing of the sons of Aaron, i.e. the common
priests seems to have been confined to sprinkling their garments with
the anointing oil. (Exodus 29:21; 28:41) etc. The high priest had a
peculiar dress, which passed to his successor at his death. This dress
consisted of eight parts: (a) The breastplate, or, as it is further
named, vs. (Exodus 28:15,29,30) the breastplate of judgment. The
breastplate was originally two spans long and one span broad, but when
doubled it was square, the shape in which it was worn. On it were the
twelve precious stones, set in four rows, three in a row, thus
corresponding to the twelve tribes--each stone having the name of one
of the children of Israel engraved upon it. (b) The ephod . This
consisted of two parts, of which one covered the back and the other the
front, i.e. the breast and upper part of the body. These parts were
clasped together on the shoulder with two large onyx stones, each
having engraved on it six of the names of the tribes of Israel. They
were further united by a "curious girdle" of gold blue purple, scarlet
and fine twined linen round the waist. [[617]Ephod; [618]Girdle] (C)
The robe of the ephod. This was of inferior material to the ephod
itself being all of blue, ver. 31, which implied its being only of
"woven work." ch. (Exodus 39:22) It was worn immediately under the
ephod, and was longer than it. The skirt of this robe had a remarkable
trimming of pomegranates in blue, red and crimson, with a bell of gold
between each pomegranate alternately. The bells were to give a sound
when the high priest went in and came out of the holy place. (d) The
mitre or upper turbin, with its gold plate, engraved with "Holiness to
the Lord," fastened to it by a ribbon of blue. (e) The broidered coat
was a tunic or long skirt of linen with a tessellated or diaper
pattern, like the setting of stone. (f) The girdle, also of linen, was
wound round the body several times from the breast downward, and the
ends hung down to the ankles. (g) The breeches or drawers, of linen,
covered the loins and thighs; and (h) The bonnet was a turban of linen,
partially covering the head, but not in the form of a cone like that of
the high priest when the mitre was added to it. These last four were
common to all priests. The high priest alone was permitted to enter the
holy of holies, which he did once a year, on the great day of
atonement, when he sprinkled the blood of the sin offering on the mercy
seat, and burnt incense within the veil (Leviticus 16:1) ... The
manslayer might not leave the city of refuge during the lifetime of the
existing high priest. It was also forbidden to the high priest to
follow a funeral, or rend his clothes for the dead. It does not appear
by whose authority the high priests were appointed to their office
before there were kings of Israel. After this the office seems to have
been used for political rather than religious purposes. Though at first
chosen for life, we find that Solomon deposed Abiathar, (1 Kings 2:35)
and that Herod appointed a number of high priests, which may account
for there being at least two living in Christ's time, Annas and
Caiaphas. (Luke 3:2) The usual are for entering upon the functions of
the priesthood, according to (2 Chronicles 31:17) is considered to have
been 20 years, though a priest or high priest was not actually
incapacitated if he had attained to puberty. Again, according to
(Leviticus 21:17-21) no one that had a blemish could officiate at the
altar. The theological view of the high priesthood does not fall within
the scope of this work. It must suffice therefore to indicate that such
a view would embrace the consideration of the office, dress, functions
and ministrations of the high priest considered as typical of the
priesthood of our Lord Jesus Christ, and as setting forth under shadows
the truths which are openly taught under the gospel. This had been done
to a great extent in the Epistle to the Hebrews. It would also embrace
all the moral and spiritual teaching supposed to be intended by such
symbols.
HighwaysThough
during the sway of the Romans over Palestine they made a few
substantial roads for their carts and chariots, yet for the most of the
time, as today, the Jews had nothing such as we call roads, but only
footpaths through which animals walk in single file. These are never
cared for, no repairs are made or obstacles removed. This fact brings
into striking prominence the figure of repairing a highway for the
return Of the captives, or the coming of the great King. On special
occasions kings had roads prepared for the progress of their armies, or
their own going from place to place.--ED.
Hilen(place
of caves), the name of city of Judah allotted with its suburbs to the
priests. (1 Chronicles 6:58)
Hilkiah(God
is my portion)
+Father of Eliakim. (2 Kings 18:37; Isaiah 22:20; 36:22) [[619]Eliakim]
+High priest in the reign of Josiah. (2 Kings 22:4) seq. 2Chr 34:9
Seq.; 1 Esd. 1:8. (B.C. 623.) His high priesthood was rendered
particularly illustrious by the great reformation effected under it by
King Josiah, by the solemn Passover kept at Jerusalem in the 18th year
of that king's reign, and above all by the discovery which he made of
the book of the law of Moses in the temple.
+A Merarite Levite, son of Amzi (1 Chronicles 6:45) hebr. 30.
+Another Merarite Levite, second son of Hosah. (1 Chronicles 26:11)
+One of those who stood on the right hand of Ezra when he read the law
to the people; doubtless a Levite, and probably a priest. (Nehemiah
8:4) (B.C 410.)
+A priest of Anathoth, father of the prophet Jeremiah. (Jeremiah 1:1)
(B.C. before 628.)
+Father of Gemariah, who was one of Zedekiah's envoys to Babylon.
(Jeremiah 29:3) (B.C. long before 587.)
Hillel(praise),
a native of Pirathon in Mount Ephraim, father of Abdon, one of the
judges of Israel. (Judges 12:13,15)
HillsFrom
the Hebrew Gibeah, meaning a curved round hill. But our translators
have also employed the same English word for the very different term
har, which has a much more extended sense than gibeah, meaning a whole
district. For instance, in (Exodus 24:4) the "hill" is the same which
is elsewhere in the same chapter, vs. (Exodus 24:12,13,18) etc., and
book consistently and accurately rendered "mount" and "mountain." The
"country of the hills," in (1:7; Joshua 9:1; 10:40; 11:16) is the
elevated district of Judah, Benjamin and Ephraim, which is correctly
called "the mountain" in the earliest descriptions of Palestine,
(Numbers 13:29) and in many subsequent passages.
Hin[[620]Weights
And Measures AND [621]Measures]
Hindthe
female of the common stag or Cervus elaphus . It is frequently noticed
in the poetical parts of Scripture as emblematic of activity, (Genesis
49:21; Psalms 18:33) gentleness, (Proverbs 5:19) feminine modesty,
(Song of Solomon 2:7; 3:5) earnest longing, (Psalms 42:1) and maternal
affection. (Jeremiah 14:5) Its shyness and remoteness from the haunts
of men are also alluded to, (Job 39:1) and its timidity, causing it to
cast its young at the sound of thunder. (Psalms 29:9)
HingeBoth
ancient Egyptian and modern Oriental doors were and are hung by means
of pivots turning in sockets on both the upper and lower sides. (1
Kings 7:50) In Syria, and especially the Hauran, there are many ancient
doors consisting of stone slabs with pivots carved out of the same
piece, inserted in sockets above and below, and fixed during the
building of the house. The allusion in (Proverbs 26:14) is thus clearly
explained.
Hinnom(lamentation),
Valley of, otherwise called "the valley of the son" or "children of
Hinnom," a deep and narrow ravine, with steep, rocky sides, to the
south and west of Jerusalem, separating Mount Zion to the north from
the "hill of evil counsel," and the sloping rocky plateau of the "plain
of Rephaim" to the south. The earliest mention of the valley of Hinnom
is in (Joshua 15:8; 18:16) where the boundary line between the tribes
of Judah and Benjamin is described as passing along the bed of the
ravine. On the southern brow, overlooking the valley at its eastern
extremity Solomon erected high places for Molech, (1 Kings 11:7) whose
horrid rites were revived from time to time in the same vicinity the
later idolatrous kings. Ahaz and Manasseh made their children "pass
through the fire" in this valley, (2 Kings 16:3; 2 Chronicles 28:3;
33:6) and the fiendish custom of infant sacrifice to the fire-gods
seems to have been kept up in Tophet, which was another name for this
place. To put an end to these abominations the place was polluted by
Josiah, who renders it ceremonially unclean by spreading over it human
bones and other corruptions, (2 Kings 23:10,13,14; 2 Chronicles 34:4,5)
from which time it appears to have become the common cesspool of the
city, into which sewage was conducted, to be carried off by the waters
of the Kidron. From its ceremonial defilement, and from the detested
and abominable fire of Molech, if not from the supposed ever-burning
funeral piles, the later Jews applied the name of this valley--Ge
Hinnom, Gehenna (land of Hinnom)--to denote the place of eternal
torment. In this sense the word is used by our Lord. (Matthew 5:29;
10:28; 23:15; Mark 9:43; Luke 12:5)
Hippopotamus[[622]Behemoth]
Hirah(a
noble race), an Adullamite, the friend of Judah. (Genesis 38:1,12) and
see Genesis38:20
Hiram,
Or Huram(noble).
+The king of Tyre who sent workmen and materials to Jerusalem, first,
(2 Samuel 5:11; 1 Chronicles 14:1) to build a palace for David (B.C.
1064), whom he ever loved, (1 Kings 5:1) and again, 1Kin 5:10; 7:13;
2Chr 2:16 To build the temple for Solomon, with whom he had a treaty of
peace and commerce (1 Kings 5:11,12) He admitted Solomon's ships
issuing from Joppa, to a share in the profitable trade of the
Mediterranean, (1 Kings 10:22) and the Jewish sailors, under the
guidance of Tyrians, were taught to bring the gold of India, (1 Kings
9:26) to Solomon's two harbors on the Red Sea.
+Hiram was the name of a man of mixed race, (1 Kings 7:13,40) the
principal architect and engineer sent by King Hiram to Solomon.
Hittits(descendans
of Heth), The, the nation descended from Cheth (Authorized Version
[623]Heth), the second son of Canaan. Abraham bought from the "children
of Heth" the field and the cave of Machpelah, belonging to Ephron the
Hittite. 'They were then settled at the town which was afterwards,
under its new name of Hebron, to become one of the most famous cities
of Palestine, and which then bore the name of Kir-jath-arba. (Genesis
23:19; 25:9) When the Israelites entered the promised land, we find the
Hittites taking part against the invader, in equal alliance with the
other Canaanite tribes. (Joshua 9:1; 11:3) etc. Henceforward the
notices of the Hittites are very few and faint. We meet with two
individuals, both attached to the person of David--
+"Ahimelech the Hittite," (1 Samuel 26:6)
+Uriah the Hittite," one of "the thirty" of David's body-guard. (2
Samuel 23:39; 1 Chronicles 11:41)
Hivites(villagers),
The, descendants--the six in order-- of Canaan the son of Ham. (Genesis
10:17; 1 Chronicles 1:15) We first encounter the actual people of the
Hivites at the time of Jacob's return to Canaan. (Genesis 34:2) We next
meet with the Hivites during the conquest of Canaan. (Joshua 9:7;
11:19) The main body of the Hivites were at this time living in the
northern confines of western Palestine-- "under Hermon, in the land of
Mizpeh," (Joshua 11:3)--"in Mount Lebanon, from Mount Baal Hermon to
the entering in of Hamath." (Judges 3:3) comp. 2Sam 24:7
Hizkiah(might
of Jehovah), an ancestor of Zephaniah the prophet. (Zephaniah 1:1)
(B.C. before 635.)
Hizkljah(might
of Jehovah), one of those. who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah.
(Nehemiah 10:17) (B.C. 410.)
Hobab(beloved).
This name is found in two places only (Numbers 10:29; Judges 4:11)
Hobab was brother-in-law to Moses. (B.C. 1530.)
Hobah(hiding-place),
the place to which Abraham pursued the kings who had pillaged Sodom.
(Genesis 14:15) It was situated "to the north of Damascus."
Hod(splendor),
one of the sons of Zophah, among the descendants of Asher. (1
Chronicles 7:37)
Hodaiah(Praise
ye Jehovah), son of the royal line of Judah. (1 Chronicles 3:24) (B.C.
about 406.)
Hodaviah(Praise
ye Jehovah).
+A man of Manasseh, one of the heads of the half tribe on the east of
Jordan (1 Chronicles 5:24) (B.C. 720.)
+A man of Benjamin, son of Has-senuah. (1 Chronicles 9:7)
+A Levite, who seems to have given his name to an important family in
the tribe. (Ezra 2:40) (B.C. before 536.)
Hodesh(new
moon), a woman named in the genealogies of Benjamin, (1 Chronicles 8:9)
as the wife of Shaharaim.
Hodevah(praise
ye Jehovah). (Nehemiah 7:43) [[624]Hodaviah]
Hodiah(majesty
of Jehovah), one of the two wives of Ezra, a man of Judah. (1
Chronicles 4:19) She is doubtless the same person as Jehudijah in ver.
18.
Hodijah(majesty
of Jehovah).
+A Levite in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 8:7) and probably
also (Nehemiah 9:5; 10:10) (B.C. 410.)
+Another Levite at the same time. (Nehemiah 10:13)
+A layman; one of the "heads" of the people at the same time. (Nehemiah
10:18)
Hoglah(partridge),
the third of the five daughters of Zelophehad. (Numbers 26:33; 27:1;
36:11; Joshua 17:3) (B.C. 1450.)
Hoham(whom
Jehovah impels), king of Hebron at the time of the conquest of Canaan.
(Joshua 10:3) (B.C. 1450.)
Holofernesor
more correctly OLOFERNES, was, according to the book of Judith, a
general of Nebuchadnezzar king of the Assyrians., Judith 2:4, who was
slain by the Jewish heroine Judith during the siege of Bethulia. (B.C.
350.)
Holon(sandy).
+A town in the mountains of Judah. One of the first group, of which
Debir was apparently the most considerable. (Joshua 15:51; 21:15)
[[625]Hilen]
+A city of Moab. (Jeremiah 48:21) only. No identification of it has yet
taken place.
Homam(destruction),
the form under which, in (1 Chronicles 1:39) an Edomite name appears
which in (Genesis 36:22) is given [626]Hemam.
Homer[[627]Weights
And Measures AND [628]Measures]
HoneyThe
Hebrew debash in the first place applied to the product of the bee, to
which exclusively we give the name of honey. All travellers agree in
describing Palestine as a land "flowing with milk and honey," (Exodus
3:8) bees being abundant even in the remote parts of the wilderness,
where they deposit their honey in the crevices of rocks or in hollow
trees. In some parts of northern Arabia the hills are so well stocked
with bees that no sooner are hives placed than they are occupied. In
the second place the term debash applies to a decoction of the juice of
the grape, which is still called dibs, and which forms an article of
commerce in the East, it was this, and not ordinary bee-honey, which
Jacob sent to Joseph, (Genesis 43:11) and which the Tyrians purchased
from Palestine. (Ezekiel 27:17) A third kind has been described by some
writers as a "vegetable" honey, by which is meant the exudations of
certain trees and shrubs, such as the Tamarix mannifera, found in the
peninsula of Sinai, or the stunted oaks of Luristan and Mesopotamia .
The honey which Jonathan ate in the wood, (1 Samuel 14:25) and the
"wild honey" which supported John the Baptist, (Matthew 3:42) have been
referred to this species. But it was probably the honey of wild bees.
Hook,
HooksVarious
kinds of hooks are noticed in the Bible, of which the following are the
most important:
+Fishing hooks. (Job 41:2; Isaiah 19:8); Habb 1:15
+A ring, such as in our country is placed through the nose of a bull,
and similarly used in the East for leading about lions-- (Ezekiel 19:4)
where the Authorized Version has "with chains--camels and other
animals. Called "thorn" in (Job 41:2) A similar method was adopted for
leading prisoners. (2 Chronicles 33:11)
+The hooks of the pillars of the tabernacle. (Exodus 26:32,37; 27:10)
ff.; Exod 38:13 ff.
+A vinedressers pruning-hook. (Isaiah 2:4; 18:5; Micah 4:3; Joel 3:10)
+A flesh-hook for getting up the joints of meat out of the boiling-pot.
(Exodus 27:3; 1 Samuel 2:13,14)
+Probably "hooks" used for the purpose of hanging up animals to flay
them. (Ezekiel 40:43)
Hophni(pugilist)
and [629]Phinehas (brazen mouth), the two sons of Eli, who fulfilled
their hereditary sacerdotal duties at Shiloh. Their brutal rapacity and
lust, (1 Samuel 2:12-17,22) filled the people with disgust and
indignation, and provoked the curse which was denounced against their
father's house, first by an unknown prophet, (1 Samuel 2:27-36) and
then by Samuel. ch. (1 Samuel 3:11-14) They were both cut off in one
day in the flower of their age, and the ark which they had accompanied
to battle against the Philistines was lost on the same occasion. (1
Samuel 4:10,11) (B.C. 1130.)
Hor(mountain),
Mount.
+The mountain on which Aaron died. (Numbers 20:25,27) It was "on the
boundary line," (Numbers 20:23) or "at the edge," ch. (Numbers 33:37)
of the land of Edom. It was the halting-place of the people next after
Kadesh, ch. (Numbers 20:22; 33:37) and they quitted it for Zalmonah,
ch. (Numbers 33:41) in the road to the Red Sea. ch. (Numbers 21:4) It
was during the encampment at Kadesh that Aaron was gathered to his
fathers. Mount Hor is situated on the eastern side of the great valley
of the Arabah, the highest and most conspicuous of the whole range of
the sandstone mountains of Edom, having close beneath it on its:
eastern side the mysterious; city of Petra. It is now the Jebel
Nebi-Harim "the mountain of the prophet Aaron." Its height is 4800 feet
above the Mediterranean; that is to say, about 1700 feet above the town
of Petra, 4800 above the level of the Arabah, and more than 6000 above
the Dead Sea. The mountain is marked far and near by its double top,
which rises like a huge castellated building from a lower base, and is
surmounted by a circular dome of the tomb of Aaron, a distinct white
spot on the dark red surface of the mountain. The chief interest of
Mount Hor consists in the prospect from its summit, the last view of
Aaron--that view which was to him what Pisgah was to his brother.
+A mountain, entirely distinct from the preceding, named in (Numbers
34:7,8) only, as one of the marks of the northern boundary of the land
which the children of Israel were about to conquer. This Mount Hor is
the great chain of Lebanon itself.
Horam(mountainous),
king of Gezer at the time of the conquest of the southwestern part of
Palestine. (Joshua 10:33)
Horeb(desert).
[[630]Sinai, Or Sinai]
Horem(sacred),
one of the fortified places in the territory of Naphtali; named with
Iron and Migdalel. (Joshua 19:38) Van Deuteronomy Velde suggests Hurah
as the site of Horem.
Horhagidgad(conspicous
mountain), the name of the desert station where the Israelites
encamped, (Numbers 33:32) probably the same as Gudgodah. (10:7)
Hori(cave-dweller).
+A Horite, son of Lotan the son of Seir. (Genesis 36:22; 1 Chronicles
1:39; Genesis 36:30)
+A man of Simeon, father of Shaphat. (Numbers 13:5)
Horimand
Ho'rites (descendants of Hori), the aboriginal inhabitants of Mount
Seir, (Genesis 14:6) and probably allied to the Emim and Raphaim. The
name Horite appears to have been derived from their habits as
"cave-dwellers" Their excavated dwellings are still found in hundreds
in the sandstone cliffs and mountains of Edom, and especially in Petra.
Hormah(a
place laid waste), or [631]Zephath, (Judges 1:17) was the chief town of
a king of a Canaanitish tribe on the south of Palestine, which was
reduced by Joshua, and became a city of the territory of Judah, (Joshua
15:30; 1 Samuel 30:30) but apparently belonged to Simeon. (1 Chronicles
4:30)
HornThe
word "horn" is often used metaphorically to signify strength and honor,
because horns are the chief weapons and ornaments of the animals which
possess them; hence they are also used as a type of victory. Of
strength the horn of the unicorn was the most frequent representative,
(33:17) etc., but not always; comp. (1 Kings 22:11) where probably
horns of iron, worn defiantly and symbolically on the head, are
intended. Among the Druses upon Mount Lebanon the married women wear
silver horns on their heads. In the sense of honor, the word horn
stands for the abstract "my horn," (Job 16:16) "all the horn of
Israel," (1 Samuel 2:3) and so for the supreme authority. It also
stands for the concrete, whence it comes to mean king, kingdom. (Daniel
8:2) etc.; Zech 1:18 Out of either or both of these last two metaphors
sprang the idea of representing gods with horns.
HornetThe
hornet bears a general resemblance to the common wasp, only it is
larger. It is exceedingly fierce and voracious, especially in hot
climates and its sting is frequently dangerous. In Scripture the hornet
is referred to only by the means which Jehovah employed for the
extirpation of the Canaanites. (Exodus 23:28; 7:20; Joshua 24:12) Wisd.
12:8. (It is said that the Phaselitae, a Phoenician people, were driven
from their locality by hornets; and other examples are given in
Paxton's "Illustrations of Scripture," 1:303.--ED.)
Horonaim(two
caverns), a town of Moab, possibly a sanctuary, named with Zoar and
Luhith. (Isaiah 15:5; Jeremiah 48:3,5,34)
Horonite(native
of Horonaim), The, the designation of Sanballat. (Nehemiah 2:10,19;
13:28) It is derived by Gesenius from Horonaim.
HorseThe
most striking feature in the biblical notices of the horse is the
exclusive application of it to warlike operations; in no instance is
that useful animal employed for the purposes of ordinary locomotion or
agriculture, if we except (Isaiah 28:28) The animated description of
the horse in (Job 39:19-25) applies solely to the war-horse. The
Hebrews in the patriarchal age, as a pastoral race, did not stand in
need of the services Of the horse, and for a long period after their
settlement in Canaan they dispensed with it, partly in consequence of
the hilly nature of the country, which only admitted of the use of
chariots in certain localities, (Judges 1:19) and partly in consequence
to the prohibition in (17:16) which would be held to apply at all
periods. David first established a force of cavalry and chariots, (2
Samuel 8:4) but the great supply of horses was subsequently effected by
Solomon through his connection with Egypt. (1 Kings 4:26) Solomon also
established a very active trade in horses, which were brought by
dealers out of Egypt and resold, at a profit, to the Hittites. With
regard to the trappings and management of the horse we have little
information. The bridle was placed over the horse's nose, (Isaiah
30:28) and a bit or curb is also mentioned. (2 Kings 19:28; Psalms
32:9; Proverbs 26:3; Isaiah 37:29) In the Authorized Version it is
incorrectly given "bridle," with the exception of (Psalms 32:1) ...
Saddles were not used until a late period. The horses were not shod,
and therefore hoofs are hard "as flint," (Isaiah 5:28) were regarded as
a great merit. The chariot-horses were covered with embroidered
trappings (Ezekiel 27:20) Horses and chariots were used also in
idolatrous processions, as noticed in regard to the sun. (2 Kings 23:11)
HorseleechHeb.
'alukah, occurs once only, viz. (Proverbs 30:16) There is little doubt
that 'alukah denotes some species of leech, or rather is the generic
term for any blood-sucking annelid.
Hosaha
Merarite Levite, chosen by David to be one of the first doorkeepers to
the ark after its arrival in Jerusalem. (1 Chronicles 16:38) (B.C.
1014.) (refuge), a city of Asher, (Joshua 19:29) The next landmark on
the boundary to Tyre.
Hosanna(save
now). "Save, we pray!" the cry of the multitudes as they thronged in
our Lord's triumphal procession into Jerusalem. (Matthew 21:9,15; Mark
11:9,10; John 12:13) The Psalm from which it was taken, the 118th, was
one with which they were familiar from being accustomed to recite the
25th and 26th verses at the feast of tabernacles, forming a part of the
great hallel. Ps. 113-118.
Hosea(salvation),
son of Beeri, and first of the minor prophets. Probably the life, or
rather the prophetic career, of Hosea extended from B.C. 784 to 723, a
period of fifty-nine years. The prophecies of Hosea were delivered in
the kingdom of Israel. Jeroboam II was on the throne, and Israel was at
the height of its earthly splendor. Nothing is known of the prophet's
life excepting what may be gained from his book.
Hosea,
Prophecies OfThis
book consists of fourteen chapters. It is easy to recognize two great
divisions in the book: (1) ch. 1 to 3; (2) ch. 4 to end. The
subdivision of these several parts is a work of greater difficulty--
+The first division should probably be subdivided into three separate
poems, each originating in a distinct aim, and each after its own
fashion attempting to express the idolatry of Israel by imagery
borrowed from the matrimonial relation.
+Attempts have been made to subdivide the second part of the book.
These divisions are made either according to reigns of contemporary
kings or according to the subject-matter of the poem. The prophecies
were probably collected by Hosea himself toward the end of his career.
Of his style Eichhorn says, "His discourse is like a garland woven of a
multiplicity of flowers; images are woven upon images, metaphor strung
upon metaphor. Like a bee he flies from one flower-bed to another, that
he may suck his honey from the most varied pieces....Often he is prone
to approach to allegory; often he sinks down in obscurity."
Hoshaiah(whom
Jehovah aids).
+A man who assisted in the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem after it
had been rebuilt by Nehemiah. (Nehemiah 12:32) (B.C. 446.).
+The father of a certain Jezaniah or Azariah, who was a man of note
after, the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezsar. (Jeremiah 42:1;
43:2) (B.C. after 588.)
Hosham(haste),
one of the early kings of Edom. Genesis36:34,36; 1Chr 1:45,46
Hoshama(whom
Jehovah hears), one of the sons of Jeconiah or Jehoiachin, the last
king but one of Judah. (1 Chronicles 3:18)
Hoshea(salvation).
+The nineteenth, last and best king of Israel. He succeeded Pekah, whom
he slew in a successful conspiracy, thereby fulfilling a prophecy of
Isaiah. (Isaiah 7:16) In the third year of his reign (B.C. 726)
Shalmaneser cruelly stormed the strong caves of Beth-arbel, (Hosea
8:14) and made cruel tributary, (2 Kings 17:3) for three years. At the
end of this period Hoshea entered into a secret alliance with So, king,
of Egypt, to throw off the Assyrian yoke. The alliance did him no good;
it was revealed, to the court of Nineveh by the Assyrian party in
Ephraim, and Hoshea was immediately seized as a rebellious vasal, shut
up in prison, and apparently treated with the utmost indignity. (Micah
5:1) Of the subsequent fortunes of Hoshea nothing is known.
+The son of Nun, i.e. Joshua, (32:44) and also in Numb 13:8 Though to
there the Authorized Version has [632]Oshea.
+Shon of Azaziah, (1 Chronicles 27:20) like his great namesake, a man
of Ephraim, ruler of his tribe in the time of King David. (B.C. 1019.)
+One of the heads of the people who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah.
(Nehemiah 10:23) (B.C. 410.)
HospitalityHospitality
was regarded by most nations of the ancient world as one of the chief
virtues. The Jewish laws respecting strangers (Leviticus 19:33,34) and
the poor, (Leviticus 23:14) seq. Deuteronomy 15:7 And concerning
redemption (Leviticus 25:23) seq., etc. are framed in accordance with
the spirit of hospitality. In the law compassion to strangers is
constantly enforced by the words "for ye were strangers in the land of
Egypt." (Leviticus 19:34) And before the law, Abraham's entertainment
of the angels, (Genesis 18:1) seq., and Lot's, (Genesis 19:1) are in
exact agreement with its precepts, and with modern usage. Comp. (Exodus
2:20; Judges 13:15; 19:17,20,21) In the New Testament hospitality is
yet more markedly enjoined; and in the more civilized state of society
which then prevailed, its exercise became more a social virtue than a
necessity of patriarchal life. The good Samaritan stands for all ages
as an example of Christian hospitality. The neglect of Christ is
symbolized by inhospitality to our neighbors. (Matthew 25:43) The
apostles urged the Church to "follow after hospitality," (Romans 12:13)
cf. 1Tim 5:10 To remember Abraham's example, (Hebrews 13:2) to "use
hospitality one to another without grudging," (1 Peter 4:9) while a
bishop must be a "lover of hospitality (Titus 1:8) cf. 1Tim 3:2 The
practice of the early Christians was in accord with these precepts.
They had all things in common, and their hospitality was a
characteristic of their belief. In the patriarchal ages we may take
Abraham's example as the most fitting, as we have of it the fullest
account. "The account," says Mr. Lane, "of Abraham's entertaining the
three angels related in the Bible, presents a perfect picture of the
manner in which a modern Bedawee sheikh receives travellers arriving at
his encampment." The Oriental respect for the covenant of bread and
salt, or salt alone, certainly sprang from the high regard in which
hospitality was held.
Hotham(signet
ring), a man of Asher, son of Heber, of the family Of Beriah. (1
Chronicles 7:32) (B.C. 1490.)
Hothan(signet
ring), a man of Aroer, father of Shamu and Jehiel. (1 Chronicles 11:44)
(B.C. 1046.)
Hothir(fullness),the
thirteenth son of Heman, "the king's seer," (1 Chronicles 25:4,28) and
therefore a Kohathite Levite. (B.C. 1014.)
HourThe
ancient Hebrews were probably unacquainted with the division of the
natural day into twenty-four parts; but they afterwards parcelled out
the period between sunrise and sunset into a series of divisions
distinguished by the sun's course. The early Jews appear to have
divided the day into four parts, (Nehemiah 9:3) and the night into
three watches, (Judges 7:19) and even in the New Testament we find a
trace of this division in (Matthew 20:1-5) At what period the Jews
first became acquainted with the division of the day into twelve hours
is unknown, but it is generally supposed they learned it from the
Babylonians during the captivity. It was known to the Egyptians at a
very early period. They had twelve hours of the day and of the night.
There are two kinds of hours, viz. (1) the astronomical or equinoctial
hour, i.e. the 24th part of a civil day, and (2) the natural hour, i.e.
the 12th part of the natural day, or of the time between sunrise and
sunset. These are the hours meant in the New Testament, (John 11:9)
etc., and it must be remembered that they perpetually vary in length,
so as to be very different at different times of he year. For the
purpose of prayer the old division of the day into four portions was
continued in the temple service. as we see from (Acts 2:15; 3:1; 10:9)
HouseThe
houses of the rural poor in Egypt, as well as in most parts of Syria,
Arabia and Persia, are generally mere huts of mud or sunburnt bricks.
In some parts of Palestine and Arabia stone is used, and in certain
districts caves in the rocks are used as dwellings. (Amos 5:11) The
houses are usually of one story only, viz., the ground floor, and often
contain only one apartment. Sometimes a small court for the cattle is
attached; and in some cases the cattle are housed in the same building,
or the live in a raised platform, and, the cattle round them on the
ground. (1 Samuel 28:24) The windows are small apertures high up in the
walls, sometimes grated with wood. The roofs are commonly but not
always flat, and are usually formed of plaster of mud and straw laid
upon boughs or rafters; and upon the flat roofs, tents or "booths" of
boughs or rushes are often raised to be used as sleeping-places in
summer. The difference between the poorest houses and those of the
class next above them is greater than between these and the houses of
the first rank. The prevailing plan of eastern houses of this class
presents, as was the case in ancient Egypt, a front of wall, whose
blank and mean appearance is usually relieved only by the door and a
few latticed and projecting windows. Within this is a court or courts
with apartments opening into them. Over the door is a projecting window
with a lattice more or less elaborately wrought, which, except in times
of public celebrations is usually closed. (2 Kings 9:30) An awning is
sometimes drawn over the court, and the floor is strewed with carpets
on festive occasions. The stairs to the upper apartments are in Syria
usually in a corner of the court. Around part, if not the whole, of the
court is a veranda, often nine or ten feet deep, over which, when there
is more than one floor, runs a second gallery of like depth, with a
balustrade. When there is no second floor, but more than one court, the
women's apartments--hareems, harem or haram--are usually in the second
court; otherwise they form a separate building within the general
enclosure, or are above on the first floor. When there is an upper
story, the ka'ah forms the most important apartment, and thus probably
answers to the "upper room," which was often the guest-chamber. (Luke
22:12; Acts 1:13; 9:37; 20:8) The windows of the upper rooms often
project one or two feet, and form a kiosk or latticed chamber. Such may
have been "the chamber in the wall." (2 Kings 4:10,11) The "lattice,"
through which Ahasiah fell, perhaps belonged to an upper chamber of
this kind, (2 Kings 1:2) as also the "third loft," from which Eutychus
fell. (Acts 20:9) comp. Jere 22:13 Paul preached in such a room on
account of its superior rise and retired position. The outer circle in
an audience in such a room sat upon a dais, or upon cushions elevated
so as to be as high as the window-sill. From such a position Eutychus
could easily fall. There are usually no special bed-rooms in eastern
houses. The outer doors are closed with a wooden lock, but in some
cases the apartments are divided from each other by curtains only.
There are no chimneys, but fire is made when required with charcoal in
a chafing-dish; or a fire of wood might be made in the open court of
the house (Luke 22:65) Some houses in Cairo have an apartment open in
front to the court with two or more arches and a railing, and a pillar
to support the wall above. It was in a chamber of this size to be found
in a palace, that our Lord was being arraigned before the high priest
at the time when the denial of him by St. Peter took place. He "turned
and looked" on Peter as he stood by the fire in the court, (Luke
22:56,61; John 18:24) whilst he himself was in the "hall of judgment."
In no point do Oriental domestic habits differ more from European than
in the use of the roof. Its flat surface is made useful for various
household purposes, as drying corn, hanging up linen, and preparing
figs and raisins. The roofs are used as places of recreation in the
evening, and often as sleeping-places at night. (1 Samuel 9:25,26; 2
Samuel 11:2; 16:22; Job 27:18; Proverbs 21:9; Daniel 4:29) They were
also used as places for devotion and even idolatrous worship. (2 Kings
23:12; Jeremiah 19:13; 32:29; Zephaniah 1:6; Acts 10:9) At the time of
the feast of tabernacles booths were erected by the Jews on the top of
their houses. Protection of the roof by parapets was enjoined by the
law. (22:8) Special apartments were devoted in larger houses to winter
and summer uses. (Jeremiah 36:22; Amos 3:15) The ivory house of Ahab
was probably a palace largely ornamented with inlaid ivory. The
circumstance of Samson's pulling down the house by means of the pillars
may be explained by the fact of the company being assembled on tiers of
balconies above each other, supported by central pillars on the
basement; when these were pulled down the whole of the upper floors
would fall also. (Judges 16:26)
How
The Prophetic Gift Was Received--We
learn from Holy Scripture that it was by the agency of the Spirit of
God that the prophets received the divine communication; but the means
by which the divine Spirit communicated with the human spirit, and the
conditions of the latter under which the divine communications were
received, have not been clearly declared to us. They are however,
indicated. In (Numbers 12:6-8) we have an exhaustive division of the
different ways in which the revelations of God are made to man.
+Direct declaration and manifestation: "I will speak mouth to mouth,
apparently, and the similitude of the Lord shall he behold."
+Vision.
+Dream. not though it must be allowed that Scripture language seems to
point out the state of dream and of trance or ecstasy, as a condition
in which the human instrument received the divine communications, it
does not follow that all the prophetic revelations were thus made. Had
the prophets a full knowledge of that which they predicted? It follows
from what we have already said that they had not, and could not have.
They were the "spokesmen" of God, (Exodus 7:1) the "mouth" by which his
words were uttered, or they were enabled to view and empowered to
describe pictures. Presented to their spiritual intuition; but there
are no grounds for believing that, contemporaneously with this miracle,
there was wrought another miracle, enlarging the understanding of the
prophet so as to grasp the whole of the divine counsels which he was
gazing into, or which he was the instrument of enunciating. Names.--Of
the sixteen prophets, four are usually called the great prophets,
namely, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel, and twelve the Minor
prophets, namely, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum,
Habakuk,Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi. They may be divided
into four groups: the prophets of the northern kingdom--Hosea, Amos,
Joel, Jonah; the prophets of the southern kingdom--Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Obadiah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah; the prophets of the
captivity--Ezekiel and Daniel; the prophets of the return--Haggai,
Zechariah, Malachi. They may be arranged in the following chronological
order, namely, Joel, Jonah, Hoses, Amos, Isaiah, Micah, Nahum,
Zephaniah, Habakkuk, Obadiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Haggai,
Zechariah, Malachi. Use of prophecy.--Predictive prophecy is at once a
part and an evidence of revelation; at the time that it is delivered
and until its fulfillment, a part; after it has been fulfilled, an
evidence. As an evidence, fulfilled prophecy is as satisfactory as
anything can be; for who can know the future except the Ruler who
disposes future events? and from whom can come prediction except from
him who knows the future? Development of Messianic
prophecy.--Prediction, in the shape of promise and threatening, begins
with the book of Genesis. Immediately upon the Fall, hopes of recovery
and salvation are held out, but the manner in which this salvation is
to be effected is left altogether indefinite. All that is at first
declared is that it shall come through a child of woman. (Genesis 3:15)
By degrees the area is limited: it is to come through the family of
Shem, (Genesis 9:26) through the family of Abraham, (Genesis 12:3) of
Isaac, (Genesis 25:18) of Jacob, (Genesis 28:14) of Judah, (Genesis
49:10) Balaam seems to say that it will be wrought by a warlike
Israelitish King, (Numbers 24:17) Jacob, by a peaceful Ruler of the
earth, (Genesis 49:10) Moses, by a Prophet like himself, i.e. a
revealer of a new religious dispensation. (15:15) Nathan's
announcement, (2 Samuel 7:16) determines further that the salvation is
to come through the house of David, and through a descendant of David
who shall be himself a king. This promise is developed by David himself
in the Messianic psalms. Between Solomon and Hezekiah intervened some
two hundred years, during which the voice of prophecy was silent. The
Messianic conception entertained at this time by the Jews might have
been that of a King of the royal house of David who would arise and
gather under his peaceful sceptre his own people and strangers.
Sufficient allusion to his prophetical and priestly offices had been
made to create thoughtful consideration, but as yet there was, no clear
delineation of him in these characters. It was reserved for the
prophets to bring out these features more distinctly. In this great
period of prophetism there is no longer any chronological development
of Messianic prophecy, as in the earlier period previous to Solomon.
Each prophet adds a feature, one more, another less clearly combine the
feature, and we have the portrait; but it does not grow gradually and
perceptibly under the hands of the several artists. Its culminating
point is found in the prophecy contained in (Isaiah 52:13-15) and Isai
52:53 Prophets of the New Testament .--So far as their predictive
powers are concerned, the Old Testament prophets find their New
Testament counterpart in the writer of the Apocalypse; but in their
general character, as specially illumined revealers of God's will,
their counterpart will rather be found, first in the great Prophet of
the Church and his forerunner, John the Baptist, and next in all those
persons who were endowed with the extraordinary gifts of the Spirit in
the apostolic age, the speakers with tongues and the interpreters of
tongues, the prophets and the discerners of spirits, the teachers and
workers of miracles. (1 Corinthians 12:10,28) That Predictive powers
did occasionally exist in the New Testament prophets is proved by the
case of Agabus, (Acts 11:23) but this was not their characteristic. The
prophets of the New Testament were supernaturally illuminated
expounders and preachers.
Hukkok(incised),
a place on the boundary of Naphtali. (Joshua 19:34) It has been
recovered in Yakuk, a village in the mountains of Naphtali west of the
upper end of the Sea of Galilee.
Hukoka
name which in (1 Chronicles 6:75) is erroneously used for HELKATH,
which see.
Hul(circle),
the second son of Aram, and grandson of Shem. (Genesis 10:23) The
strongest evidence is in favor of the district about the roots of
Lebanon.
Huldah(weasel),
a prophetess, whose husband, Shallum, was keeper of the wardrobe in the
time of King Josiah. It was to her that Josiah had recourse, when
Hilkiah found a book of the law, to procure an authoritative opinion on
it. (2 Kings 22:14; 2 Chronicles 34:22) (B.C. 623.)
Humtah(place
of lizards), a city of Judah one of those in the mountain districts the
next to Hebron. (Joshua 15:54)
HuntingHunting,
as a matter of necessity, whether for the extermination of dangerous
beasts or for procuring sustenance betokens a rude and semi-civilized
state; as an amusement, it betokens an advanced state. The Hebrews as a
pastoral and agricultural people, were not given to the sports of the
field; the density of the population, the earnestness of their
character, and the tendency of their ritual regulations, particularly
those affecting food, all combined to discourage the practice of
hunting. The smaller of catching animals was, first, either by digging
a pitfall; or, secondly, by a trap which was set under ground, (Job
18:10) in the run of the animal, (Proverbs 22:5) and caught it by the
leg, (Job 18:9) or lastly by the use of the net, of which there were
various kinds, as or the gazelle, (Isaiah 51:20) Authorized Version,
"wild bull," and other animals of that class.
Hupham(coast-man),
a son of Benjamin, founder of the family of the Huphamites. (Numbers
26:39) (B.C. 1688.)
Huphamites,
Thedescendants
of Hupham, of the tribe of Benjamin. (Numbers 26:39)
Huppah(protected),
a priest in the time of David. (1 Chronicles 24:13)
Huppim(protected),
head of a Benjamite family (Genesis 46:21; 1 Chronicles 7:12) Hur
(hole).
+A man who is mentioned with Moses and Aaron on the occasion of the
battle with Amalek at Raphidim, (Exodus 17:10) when with Aaron he
stayed up the hands of Moses. ver. (Exodus 17:12) (B.C. 1491.) He is
mentioned again in ch. (Exodus 24:14) as being, with Aaron, left in
charge of the people by Moses during his ascent of Sinai. The Jewish
tradition is that he was the husband of Miriam, and that he was
identical with
+The grandfather of Bezaleel, the chief artificer of the tabernacle.
(Exodus 31:2; 35:30; 38:22)
+The fourth of the five kings of Midian who were slain with Balaam
after the "matter of Peor." (Numbers 31:8) (B.C. 1451.) In a later
mention of them, (Joshua 13:21) they are called princes of Midian and
dukes.
+Father of Rephaiah, who was ruler of half of the environs of
Jerusalem, and assisted Nehemiah in the repair of the wall. (Nehemiah
3:9) (B.C. before 446.)
+The "son of Hur"--Ben-Hur--was commissariat officer for Solomon in
Mount Ephraim. (1 Kings 4:8) (B.C. 995.)
Hurai,
Or Hurai(linon-weaver),
one of David's guard--Hurai of the torrents of Gaash, according to the
list of (1 Chronicles 11:32) [[633]Hiddai]
Huram(noble
born).
+A Benjamite; son of Bela, the first-born of the patriarch. (1
Chronicles 8:5)
+The form in which the name of the king of Tyre in alliance with David
and Solomon--and elsewhere given as [634]Hiram, Or Huram-- appears in
Chronicles. (1 Chronicles 14:1; 2 Chronicles 2:3,11,12; 8:2,18; 9:10,21)
+The same Change occurs in Chronicles in the name of Hiram the
artificer, which is given as [635]Hiram, Or Huram in (2 Chronicles
2:13; 4:11,16) [[636]Hiram, Or Huram]
Hurhai(very
poor), an ancestor of Shallum the husband of Huldah. (2 Kings 22:14)
(B.C. before 623.)
Huri(linen-weaver),
a Gadite; father of Abihail- (1 Chronicles 5:14)
Husband[[637]Marriage]
Hushah(haste),
a name which occurs in the genealogies of the tribe of Judah (1
Chronicles 4:4)
Hushai,
Or Hushai(hasting)
an Archite i.e. possibly an inhabitant of a place called Erec. (2
Samuel 15:32) ff.; (2 Samuel 16:16) ff. He is called the "friend" of
David. (2 Samuel 15:37) comp. 1Chr 27:33 To him David confided the
delicate and dangerous part of a pretended adherence to the cause of
Absalom. (B.C. about 1023.) He was probably the father of Baana. (1
Kings 4:16)
Hushathite(inhabitant
of Hushah), The, the designation of two of the heroes of David's guard.
+[638]Sibbechai. (2 Samuel 21:18; 1 Chronicles 11:29; 20:4; 27:11)
Josephus, however, called him a Hittite.
+[639]Mebunnai, (2 Samuel 23:27) a mere corruption of [640]Sibbechai.
Hushim(who
makes haste).
+In (Genesis 46:23) "the children of Dan" are said to have been Hushim.
The name is plural, as if of a tribe rather than an individual. In
(Numbers 26:42) the name is changed to Shuham.
+A Benjamite, (1 Chronicles 7:12) and here again apparently the plural
nature of the name is recognized, and Hushim are stated to be "the sons
of Aher."
+One of the two wives of Shaharaim. (1 Chronicles 8:8) (B.C. 1450.)
HusksThis
word in (Luke 16:16) describes really the fruit of a particular kind of
tree, viz. the carob or Ceratonia siliqua of botanists. It belongs to
the locust family. This tree is very commonly met with in Syria and
Egypt, it produces pods, shaped like a horn, varying in length from six
to ten inches, and about a finger's breadth, or rather more; it is
dark-brown, glossy, filled with seeds and has a sweetish taste. It is
used much for food by the poor, and for the feeding of swine.
Huz(light,
sandy soil), the eldest son of Nahor and Milcah. (Genesis 22:21) (B.C.
about 1900).
Huzzab(fixed),
according to the general opinion of the Jews, was the queen of Nineveh
at the time when Nahum delivered his prophecy. (Nahum 2:7) (B.C. about
700.) The moderns follow the rendering in the margin of our English
Bible--"that which was established." Still it is not improbable that
after all Huzzab may really be a proper name. It may mean "the Zab
country," or the fertile tract east of the Tigris, watered by the upper
and lower Zab rivers.
Hyacinthused
in the Revised Version for jacinth in (Revelation 9:17) It is simply
another English spelling of the same Greek word.
HyaenaAuthorities
differ as to whether the term tzabu'a in (Jeremiah 12:9) means a
"hyaena" or a "speckled bird." The only other instance in which it
occurs is as a proper name, Zeboim, (1 Samuel 13:18) "the valley of
hyaenas, "Aquila; (Nehemiah 11:34) The striped hyaena (Hyaena striata)
is found in Africa, Asia Minor, Arabia and Persia, and is more common
in Palestine than any other carnivorous animals except perhaps the
jackal. The hyaena is among the mammals what the vulture is among
birds,--the scavenger of the wilderness, the woods and the shore.--It
often attacks animals, and Sometimes digs up the dead bodies of men and
beasts. From this last habit the hyaena has been regarded as a horrible
and mysterious creature. Its teeth are so powerful that they can crack
the bones of an ox with ease.--Appelton's Encyc. The hyaena was common
in ancient as in modern Egypt, and is constantly depicted upon
monuments; it must therefore have been well known to the Jews.
Hymenaeus(belonging
to marriage), the name of a person occurring twice in the
correspondence between St. Paul and Timothy; the first time classed
with Alexander, (1 Timothy 1:20) and the second time classed with
Philetus. (2 Timothy 2:17,18) (A.D. 66-7.) He denied the true doctrine
of the resurrection.
Hymna
religious song or psalm. (Ephesians 5:19; Colossians 3:16) Our Lord and
his apostles sung a hymn after the last supper. In the jail at
Philippi, Paul and Silas "sang hymns" (Authorized Version "praises")
unto God, and so loud was their song that their fellow prisoners heard
them.
Hyssop(Heb.
ezob.) The ezob was used for sprinkling in some of the sacrifices and
purifications of the Jews. In consequence of its detergent qualities,
or from its being associated with the purificatory Services, the
psalmist makes use of the expression, "Purge me with ezob ." (Psalms
51:7) It is described in (1 Kings 4:33) as growing on or near walls.
(Besides being thus fit for sprinkling, having cleansing properties and
growing on walls, the true hyssop should be a plant common to Egypt,
Sinai and Palestine, and capable of producing a stick three or four
feet long since on a stalk of hyssop the sponge of vinegar was held up
to Christ on the cross. (John 19:29) it is impossible to precisely
identify the plant because the name was given not to a particular plant
but to a family of plants associated together by Hyssop, qualities
easily noticed rather than by close botanical affinities. Different
species of the family may have been used at different times. The hyssop
of the Bible is probably one (or all) of three plants:--
+The common hyssop is "a shrub with low, bushy stalks 1 1/2 feet high,
small pear shaped, close-setting opposite leaves all the stalks and
branches terminated by erect whorled spikes of flowers of different
colors in the varieties. It is a hardy plant, with an aromatic smell
and a warm, pungent taste; a native of the south of Europe and the
East."--ED.)
+Bochart decides in favor of marjoram, or some plant like it, and to
this conclusion, it must be admitted, all ancient tradition points.
(This is the Origanum maru, the z'atar of the Arabs. The French consul
at Sidon exhibited to Dr. Thomson ("The Land and the Book," i. 161) a
specimen of this "having the fragrance of thyme, with a hot, pungent
taste, and long slender stems." Dr. Post of Beirut, in the American
edition of Smith's large Dictionary, favors this view.--ED.)
+But Dr.Royle, after a careful investigation of the subject, arrives at
the conclusion that the hyssop is no other than the caperplant, or
Capparis spinosa of Linnaeus. The Arabic name of this plant, asuf, by
which it is sometimes though not commonly, described, bears
considerable resemblance to the Hebrew. "It is a bright-green creeper,
which climbs from the fissures of the rocks, is supposed to possess
cleansing properties, and is capable of yielding a stick to which a
sponge might be attached."--Stanky, "Sinai and Palestine," 23.--It
produces a fruit the size of a walnut, called the mountain pepper.